| Description | The annexins (or lipocortins) are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner [ ]. The 12 annexins common to vertebrates are classified in the annexin A family and named as annexins A1-A13 (or ANXA1-ANXA13), leaving A12 unassigned in the official nomenclature. Annexins outside vertebrates are classified into families B (in invertebrates), C (in fungi and some groups of unicellular eukaryotes), D (in plants), and E (in protists) []. Annexins are absent from yeasts and prokaryotes [].Most eukaryotic species have 1-20 annexin (ANX) genes. All annexins share a core domain made up of four similar repeats, each approximately 70 amino acids long [ ]. Each individual annexin repeat (sometimes referred to as endonexin folds) is folded into five α-helices, and in turn are wound into a right-handed super-helix; they usually contain a characteristic 'type 2' motif for binding calcium ions with the sequence 'GxGT-[38 residues]-D/E'. Animal and fungal annexins also have variable amino-terminal domains. The core domains of most vertebrate annexins have been analysed by X-ray crystallography, revealing conservation of their secondary and tertiary structures despite only 45-55% amino-acid identity among individual members. The four repeats pack into a structure that resembles a flattened disc, with a slightly convex surface on which the Ca2+ -binding loops are located and a concave surface at which the amino and carboxyl termini come into close apposition. Annexins are traditionally thought of as calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins, but recent work suggests a more complex set of functions. The family has been linked with inhibition of phospholipase activity, exocytosis and endocytosis, signal transduction, organisation of the extracellular matrix, resistance to reactive oxygen species and DNA replication [ ].This entry represents Annexin type XI. The N-terminal of annexin XI is hydrophobic, rich in glycine, tyrosine, and proline residues, and is larger than that of the other annexin members. Annexin XI is ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types of eukaryotes, but its subcellular distribution varies considerably. Some growth and differentiation conditions favour the presence of annexin XI in the nucleus, whereas others favour either a cytoplasmic distribution or both. Annexin XI is upregulated in mitotic cells and stains mitotic spindles. It is required for cytokinesis completion [ ]. Ca2+ was found to influence both the association of annexin XI with tubulin and the nuclear or cytoplasmic subcellular localisation of annexin XI [].The human orthologue of annexin XI was found to be identical to the 56K autoantigen, found in individuals with a range of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis [ ]. | Name | Annexin A11 |
| Short Name | ANX11 | Type | Family |
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