| Description | This FAD binding domain that characterises this superfamily has a nested NADH binding domain and is found in both class I and class II oxidoreductases and in FAD-dependent monooxygenases [ , ].FAD flavoproteins belonging to the family of pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductases (glutathione reductase, trypanothione reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, mercuric reductase, thioredoxin reductase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase) share sequence similarity with a number of other flavoprotein oxidoreductases, in particular with ferredoxin-NAD+ reductases involved in oxidative metabolism of a variety of hydrocarbons (rubredoxin reductase, putidaredoxin reductase, terpredoxin reductase, ferredoxin-NAD+ reductase components of benzene 1,2-dioxygenase, toluene 1,2-dioxygenase, chlorobenzene dioxygenase, biphenyl dioxygenase), NADH oxidase and NADH peroxidase [ , , ]. Comparison of the crystal structures of human glutathione reductase and Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase reveals different locations of their active sites, suggesting that the enzymes diverged from an ancestral FAD/NAD(P)H reductase and acquired their disulphide reductase activities independently [].Despite functional similarities, oxidoreductases of this family show no sequence similarity with adrenodoxin reductases [ ] and flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases (FPNCR) []. Assuming that disulphide reductase activity emerged later, during divergent evolution, the family can be referred to as FAD-dependent pyridine nucleotide reductases, FADPNR.To date, 3D structures of glutathione reductase [ ], thioredoxin reductase [], mercuric reductase [], lipoamide dehydrogenase [], trypanothione reductase [] and NADH peroxidase [] have been solved. The enzymes share similar tertiary structures based on a doubly-wound α/β fold, but the relative orientations of their FAD- and NAD(P)H-binding domains may vary significantly. By contrast with the FPNCR family, the folds of the FAD- and NAD(P)H-binding domains are similar, suggesting that the domains evolved by gene duplication []. | Name | FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain superfamily |
| Short Name | FAD/NAD-bd_sf | Type | Homologous_superfamily |
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