transcription factor BIG PETAL P (BPE);(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
A basic helix-loop-helix encoding gene (BIGPETAL, BPE) involved in the control of petal size. BPE is expressed via two mRNAs derived from an alternative splicing event. The BPEub (AT1G59640.1)transcript is expressed ubiquitously, whereas the BPEp (AT1G59640.2) transcript is preferentially expressed in petals. Plants that lack the petal-expressed variant BPEp have larger petals as a result of increased cell size. BPEp is positively regulated downstream of APETALA3, PISTILLATA, APETALA1 and PISTILLATA3 and is negatively regulated downstream of AGAMOUS.
Encodes a protein that has been shown to specifically interact with a sequence motif, PIEPPPHH, in the cytoplasmic tail of a membrane protein that directs the protein from the ER to vacuoles where it is internalized. Required for both leaf adaxial�abaxial polarity formation and normal cell proliferation. It is part of a protein complex with CIA1, NAR1, and MET18, which are highly conserved in eukaryotes and are involved in the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins.
Mutants are resistant to indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). NIT1 catalyzes the terminal activation step in indole-acetic acid biosynthesis. Predominantly expressed isoform of nitrilase isoenzyme family. Aggregation of NIT1 in cells directly abutting wound sites is one of the earliest events associated with wound and herbicide-induced cell death. The protein undergoes thiolation following treatment with the oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide. It is also involved in the conversion of IAN to IAM (indole-3-acetamide) and other non-auxin-related metabolic processes. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Far-red impaired responsive (FAR1) family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes one of four FRS (FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE) factor-like genes in Arabidopsis. FRS factors are characterized by having an N-terminal C2H2-type chelating motif of the WRKY- Glial Cell Missing1 family, a central core transposase domain of Mutator-like element transposases, and a C-terminal SWIM domain. The four FRF-like genes in Arabidopsis share only the N-terminal motif with FRS proteins. FRF1 has been shown to bind the RB-box in vitro. The RB-box contributes to restricting SHOOTMERISTEMLESS expression to the shoot apical meristem.
Encodes a permease-like component of an ABC transporter involved in lipid transfer from ER to chloroplast. A phosphatidic acid-binding protein with a predicted mycobacterial cell entry domain. It is tethered to the inner chloroplast envelope membrane facing the outer envelope membrane. Presumed bacterial orthologs of TGD1 and TGD2 in Gram-negative bacteria are typically organized in transcriptional units, suggesting their involvement in a common biological process. Mutations in this gene suppress the low temperature-induced phenotype of Arabidopsis tocopherol-deficient mutant vte2.
Encodes a receptor-like kinase that, together with ER and ERL2 governs the initial decision of protodermal cells to either divide proliferatively to produce pavement cells or divide asymmetrically to generate stomatal complexes. It is important for maintaining stomatal stem cell activity and preventing terminal differentiation of the meristemoid into the guard mother cell. Along with erl2 functionally compensates for loss of erecta during integument development. Its transcript levels change after inducing MUTE expression in a mute background.
encodes a progesterone-5beta-reductase-like protein. It has enone reductase activity against a wide range of substrates, including 3-oxo-Δ-4,5-steroids in vitro. The in vivo substrates and product of this enzyme have not yet been elucidated but it is likely to participate in steroid metabolism. The protein contains a mammalian death domain involved in programmed cell death. The gene is expressed in the vascular system and mutants carrying a dominant mutation in the gene have defective vascular patterning. VEP1 gene expression is induced specifically by wounding.
Encodes a novel small protein which is similar to proteins of unknown function from other plant species. TPD1 is involved in cell specification during anther and pollen development. Identified in a screen for male steriles. Mutants lack tapetal cells and have an increased number of microsporocytes. Expressed in flower buds, leaves and young seedlings. In anthers, TPD1 is expressed throughout pollen development in parietal cells and sporocytes. Physically interacts with the LRR kinase EMS1 and that interaction results in phosphorylation of TPD1.
The gene encodes a gamma-glutamyltransferase (AKA gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, EC 2.3.2.2) that is located in the vacuole and is most active in roots. The encoded enzyme is involved in the initial degradation of glutathione conjugates in this cell compartment. It is also induced by xenobiotics and contributes to xenobiotics metabolism. Note that conflicting nomenclature exists in the literature: At4g29210 is named as GGT3 in Plant J. 2007 Mar 49(5):878-88; At4g29210 is named as GGT4 and At1g69820 as GGT3 in Plant Physiol. 2007 Aug 144(4):1715-32.
AtSKP2;2 is a homolog of human SKP2, the human F-box protein that recruits E2F1. Contains an F-box motif at the N-terminal region and a C-terminal Leu-rich repeat domain. Forms part of an E3-ubiquitin-ligase SCF (Skp1, cullin, F-box) complex and recruits phosphorylated AtE2Fc, a transcriptional factor that might play a role in cell division and during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. AtSKP2;1 (At1g21410) and AtSKP2;2 (At1g77000) may be duplicated genes. AtSKP2b may also be involved in the degradation of KRP1/ICK1, a CDK inhibitor.
Dof-type zinc finger DNA-binding family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
A member of the DOF transcription factors. Prominently expressed in the phloem of leaves and other organs. Expression is induced by wounding, MeJA and insect feeding. Upregulates glucosinolate biosynthesis. PEAR protein involved in the formation of a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements, and activates gene expression that promotes radial growth. Locally promotes transcription of inhibitory HD-ZIP III genes, and thereby establishes a negative-feedback loop that forms a robust boundary that demarks the zone of cell division.
GRAS family transcription factor family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Similar to a putative transcription factor and transcriptional coactivators. Repressor of GA responses and involved in gibberellic acid mediated signaling. Member of the DELLA proteins that restrain the cell proliferation and expansion that drives plant growth. The protein undergoes degradation in response to GA via the 26S proteasome. GAI may be involved in reducing ROS accumulation in response to stress by up-regulating the transcription of superoxide dismutases. Represses GA-induced vegetative growth and floral initiation. Rapidly degraded in response to GA.
Encodes a secretory peptide EPF2 expressed in proliferating cells of the stomatal lineage, known as meristemoids, and in guard mother cells, the progenitors of stomata. Controls asymmetric cell divisions during stomatal development. EPF2 is related to EPF1, also involved in stomatal development. Its transcript levels change after inducing MUTE expression in a mute background. EPF2 binds to the ER receptor triggering MAPK activation that in turn inhibits stomatal development. EPF2 competes with STOMAGEN for binding to receptor protein kinases ER, and TMM.
Belongs to a large gene family, called CLE for CLAVATA3/ESR-related, encoding small peptides with conserved carboxyl termini. The C-terminal 12 amino acid sequence of CLE44 is identical to that of a dodeca peptide (TDIF, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) isolated from Arabidopsis and functions as a suppressor of plant stem cell differentiation. TDIF sequence is also identical to the C-terminal 12 amino acids of CLE41 (At3g24770). The protein is expressed in the vascular system and is involved in axillary bud formation.
encodes a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase implicated in gametogenesis. RHF1a can interact with the cell cycle inhibitor ICK4/KRP6 in vitro. It apppears to target ICK4KRP6 for degradation following meiosis in order to allow the mitoses associated with megagametogenesis and microgametogenesis to occur. RHF1a is expressed in the carpels throughout floral development. It is expressed in various tissues of the anthers during the early stages of anther development but not in stage 12 flowers and beyond. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Dof-type zinc finger DNA-binding family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
HCA2 induces the formation of interfascicular cambium and regulates vascular tissue development in the aerial parts of the plant. Evidence from both gain of function and dominant negative alleles. PEAR protein involved in the formation of a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements, and activates gene expression that promotes radial growth. Locally promotes transcription of inhibitory HD-ZIP III genes, and thereby establishes a negative-feedback loop that forms a robust boundary that demarks the zone of cell division.
Encodes a microRNA that targets several TCP family members controlling leaf development. MicroRNAs are regulatory RNAs with a mature length of ~21-nucleotides that are processed from hairpin precursors by Dicer-like enzymes. MicroRNAs can negatively regulate gene expression by attenuating translation or by directing mRNA cleavage.Mature sequence: UUGGACUGAAGGGAGCUCCCU. The miR319a pri-mRNA also encodes a regulatory peptide miPEP319a (AT4G23712) that regulates accumulation of its own miRNA. inhibits TCP transcription factors resulting in proper root growth. As part of miR319-TCPs-TGA9/TGA10/ROXY2 regulatory module controls cell fate specification in early anther development.
Kip-related protein (KRP) gene, encodes CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor (CKI), negative regulator of cell division. Binds to D type cyclins. A member of seven KRP genes found in Arabidopsis thaliana. Differential expression patterns for distinct KRPs were revealed by in situ hybridization. KRP6 appears to be targeted for degradation by RHF1a and RHF2a to allow mitotic divisions during gametogenesis. In addition, KRP6 transcript levels rise prior to and drop following the meitotic divisions of gametogenesis. Elevated levels of KRP6 negatively affect plant development and fertility.
Belongs to a large gene family, called CLE for CLAVATA3/ESR-related, encoding small peptides with conserved carboxyl termini. The C-terminal 12 amino acid sequence of CLE41 is identical to that of a dodeca peptide (TDIF, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) isolated from Arabidopsis and functions as a suppressor of plant stem cell differentiation. TDIF sequence is also identical to the C-terminal 12 amino acids of CLE44 (At4g13195). The protein is expressed in the vascular system and is involved in axillary bud formation. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
radical SAM domain-containing protein / GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
A subunit of Elongator, a histone acetyl transferase complex, consisting of six subunits (ELP1�ELP6), that copurifies with the elongating RNAPII in yeast and humans. Three Arabidopsis thaliana genes, encoding homologs of the yeast Elongator subunits ELP1, ELP3 (histone acetyl transferase), and ELP4 are responsible for the narrow leaf phenotype in elongata mutants and for reduced root growth that results from a decreased cell division rate. Two lines with RNAi constructs directed against HAG3 grow normally and can produce root calli, but have defects in agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
TAIR Short Description:
radical SAM domain-containing protein / GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) family protein
Encodes a novel Cys-rich protein with a B-box like domain that acts as a negative regulator of meristem cell accumulation in inflorescence and floral meristems as loss-of-function ult1 mutations cause inflorescence meristem enlargement, the production of extra flowers and floral organs, and a decrease in floral meristem determinacy. Acts opposite to CLF which represses AG, but preventing deposition of CLF repressive methylation marks.ULT1 acts as an anti-repressor that counteracts EMF1 action through modulation of histone marks on target genes. Regulates developmental as well as biotic and abiotic stress response genes.
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
A member of the RPD gene family - there are13 annotated genes and one EST encoding RPD1-like proteins in Arabidopsis. Shows no homology to any protein of known function. Abundant expression found in the shoot apex and the root. rpd1 mutant is a temperature-sensitive mutant isolated on the basis of the impairment in adventitious roots formation in hypocotyl region. Also, disruption of the RPD1 gene by a T-DNA insertion caused embryogenesis arrest at the globular to transition stages. This phenotype is consistent with the hypothesized function of RPD1 in the maintenance of active cell proliferation.
TAIR Short Description:
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase family protein
Required for the accumulation of purple anthocyanins in leaves and stems. Involved in trichome and root hair development. Controls epidermal cell fate specification. Affects dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene expression. It is thought that a ternary complex composed of TT2, TT8 and TTG1 is necessary for correct expression of BAN in seed endothelium. Based on clonal analysis and other methonds TTG1 has been shown to act non-cell autonomously and to move via plasmodesmata between cells.Localization and levels of TTG1 affect patterning of leaf trichomes. Auxin and ethylene responsiveness of TTG1 transcription is lost in myb12 mutants.
kinase with tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a N-myrystolylated plasma membrane associated member of the RLCK II family of IRAK/Pelle-like kinases that regulates the MAPK pathway that promotes the elongation of the Arabidopsis zygote and the development of its basal daughter cell into the extra-embryonic suspensor. SSP transcripts are produced in mature pollen but are not translated until delivery to the zygote and the endosperm after fertilization, exerting a paternal effect on embryonic development. The primary role of its kinase domain may lie in protein binding rather than in catalysis as key residues of the active site are absent.
TAIR Short Description:
Protein kinase protein with tetratricopeptide repeat domain
Encodes a member of the Agamous-like family of transcription factors. Localized to the nucleus in the central cell and endosperm of the female gametophyte. Loss of function mutations show reduced female fertility. Fifty percent of ovules have defective central cells with abnormal morphology and patterns of gene expression. Upon fertilization 50% of seeds abort. Using yeast two hybrid assays AGL61 was shown to interact with AGL80, another MADS box gene with similar defects in ovule development. These data suggest that AGL61 and 80 together are required for proper differentiation of the central cell.
Encodes a GDP/GTP exchange factor for small G-proteins of the ADP ribosylation factor (RAF) class, and as regulator of intracellular trafficking. Homologous to Sec7p and YEC2 from yeast. Involved in the specification of apical-basal pattern formation. Essential for cell division, expansion and adhesion. It appears that heteotypic binding between the DCB and C-terminal domains of two GNOM proteins is required for membrane association, however, GNOM appears to exist predominantly as a heterodimer formed through DCB-DCB interactions. BFA inhibits GNOM trafficking and BFA resistant lines are more resistant to cold stress.
Encodes VCS (VARICOSE). Involved in mRNA decapping. VCS forms a mRNA decapping complex with DCP1 (At1g08370) and DCP2 (At5g13570). Unlike DCP2, VCS itself does not have mRNA decapping activity in vitro. DCP1, DCP2 and VCS colocalize in cytoplasmic loci, which are putative Arabidopsis mRNA processing bodies. Null mutants of DCP1, DCP2, and VCS accumulate capped mRNAs with a reduced degradation rate. These mutants also share a similar lethal phenotype at the seedling cotyledon stage, with disorganized veins, swollen root hairs, and altered epidermal cell morphology. VCS is also required for leaf development.
Encodes a member of the lipid transfer protein family. Proteins of this family are generally small (~9 kD), basic, expressed abundantly and contain eight Cys residues. The proteins can bind fatty acids and acylCoA esters and can transfer several different phospholipids. They are localized to the cell wall. The LTP12 promoter is active exclusively in the tapetum during the uninucleate microspore and bicellular pollen stages. Predicted to be a member of PR-14 pathogenesis-related protein family with the following members: At2g38540/LTP1, At2g38530/LTP2, At5g59320/LTP3, At5g59310/LTP4, At3g51600/LTP5, At3g08770/LTP6, At2g15050/LTP7, At2g18370/LTP8, At2g15325/LTP9, At5g01870/LTP10, At4g33355/LTP11, At3g51590/LTP12, At5g44265/LTP13, At5g62065/LTP14, At4g08530/LTP15.
Encodes a subunit of the MEDIATOR complex. Plays a role in the CBF pathway -downstream of CBF translation. Mutants have impaired cold responses, reduced levels of cold induced RNA transcripts, are sensitive to osmotic stress. Required for expression of CBF-controlled cold-upregulated genes and some, but not all, other cold up-regulated genes. Required for recruitment of the Mediator complex and RNA polymerase II to CBF-controlled cold-responsive genes. Required for expression of some dark-upregulated genes and auxin mediated gene expression. SFR6 was isolated as a suppressor of cell wall defects in cob6 mutant background.
A member of class I knotted1-like homeobox gene family (together with KNAT2). Similar to the knotted1 (kn1) homeobox gene of maize. Normally expressed in the peripheral and rib zone of shoot apical meristem but not in the leaf primordia. It is also expressed in the fourth floral whorl, in the region that would become style, particularly in the cell surrounding the transmitting tissue. No expression was detected in the first three floral whorls. Expression is repressed by auxin and AS1 which results in the promotion of leaf fate.
Mutations confer hypersensitivity to glucose and sucrose and augments sensitivity to cytokinin, ethylene, ABA and auxin. Encodes a nuclear WD40 protein that is imported into the nucleus. Essential for plant innate immunity. Interacts with MOS4 and AtCDC5. It is also predicted to have two DWD motifs. It can bind to DDB1a in Y2H assays, and DDB1b in co-IP assays, and may be involved in the formation of a CUL4-based E3 ubiquitin ligase, and may affect the stability of AKIN10. Plays a role with ROP6, in stabilizing pavement cell cortical microfibrils.
NAC domain containing protein 6;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a NAC-domain transcription factor. Positively regulates aging-induced cell death and senescence in leaves. This gene is upregulated in response to salt stress in wildtype as well as NTHK1 transgenic lines although in the latter case the induction was drastically reduced. It was also upregulated by ABA, ACC and NAA treatment, although in the latter two cases, the induction occurred relatively late when compared with NaCl or ABA treatments. Note: this protein (AtNAC6) on occasion has also been referred to as AtNAC2, not to be confused with the AtNAC2 found at locus AT3G15510.
Encodes a type-I DNA topoisomerase I. Disruptions in this gene affect phyllotaxis and plant architecture suggesting that the gene plays a critical role in the maintenance of a regular pattern of organ initiation. Isolated as a protein oxidized during seed germination; proteomics approach revealed differences in de novo synthesis levels of this protein in condition with vs. without salicylic acid in the period from 0 to 40 hrs. following seed imbibition. Functions in stem cell maintenance at all stages of shoot and floral meristems and in the regulation of gene silencing.
Encodes a large plant-specific protein of unknown function, with conserved domains also found in a variety of signaling proteins, In trn mutants, the leaf venation network had a severely reduced complexity: incomplete loops, no tertiary or quaternary veins, and vascular islands. The leaf laminas were asymmetric and narrow because of a severely reduced cell number. TRN1 is required for the maintenance of both the radial pattern of tissue differentiation in the root and for the subsequent circumferential pattern within the epidermis. Double mutant analysis showed that TRN1 and TRN2 act in the same pathway.
Encodes a member of the lipid transfer protein family. Proteins of this family are generally small (~9 kD), basic, expressed abundantly and contain eight Cys residues. The proteins can bind fatty acids and acylCoA esters and can transfer several different phospholipids. They are localized to the cell wall. The mRNA is present in flowers and siliques, and is strongly up-regulated by abscisic acid. Predicted to be a member of PR-14 pathogenesis-related protein family with the following members: At2g38540/LTP1, At2g38530/LTP2, At5g59320/LTP3, At5g59310/LTP4, At3g51600/LTP5, At3g08770/LTP6, At2g15050/LTP7, At2g18370/LTP8, At2g15325/LTP9, At5g01870/LTP10, At4g33355/LTP11, At3g51590/LTP12, At5g44265/LTP13, At5g62065/LTP14, At4g08530/LTP15.
Homeobox-leucine zipper family protein / lipid-binding START domain-containing protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a homeobox protein similar to GL2. It is expressed in both the apical and basal daughter cells of the zygote as well as their progeny. Expression is detected starting the two-celled stage of embryo development and is later restricted to the outermost, epidermal cell layer from its inception. Its promoter is highly modular with each region contributing to specific aspects of the gene's spatial and temporal expression. Double mutant analysis with PDF2, another L1-specific gene, suggests that their functions are partially redundant and the absence of both of the genes result in abnormal shoot development.
TAIR Short Description:
Homeobox-leucine zipper family protein / lipid-binding START domain-containing protein
Encodes a cytochrome P-450 gene that is involved in leaf blade expansion by controlling polar cell expansion in the leaf length direction. Member of the CYP90C CYP450 family. ROT3 was shown to be involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis, most likely in the conversion step of typhasterol (TY) to castasterone (CS). As 6-deoxo-CS was unable to restore the phenotype of rot3-1, it has been postulated that ROT3 might be specifically involved in the conversion of TY to CS in the C6-oxidation pathway of brassinolide. Recently, CYP90C1 was shown to catalyse the C-23 hydroxylation of several brassinosteroids (the enzyme has a broad specificity for 22-hydroxylated substrates).
Encodes DCP2 with mRNA decapping activity. DCP2 forms a mRNA decapping complex with DCP1 (At1g08370) and VCS (VARICOSE) (At3g13300). Recombinant DCP2 is enzymatically active in vitro, generating from capped mRNAs m7GDP, and 5�-phosphorylated mRNAs. DCP1, DCP2 and VCS colocalize in cytoplasmic loci, which are putative Arabidopsis mRNA processing bodies. Null mutants of DCP1, DCP2, and VCS accumulate capped mRNAs with a reduced degradation rate. These mutants also share a similar lethal phenotype at the seedling cotyledon stage, with disorganized veins, swollen root hairs, and altered epidermal cell morphology. The protein was shown by immunoprecipitation not to interact with DCP1.
ROP-interactive CRIB motif-containing protein 1;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
encodes a member of a novel protein family that contains contain a CRIB (for Cdc42/Rac-interactive binding) motif required for their specific interaction with GTP-bound Rop1 (plant-specific Rho GTPase). Interacts with Rop1 and is involved in pollen tube growth and function. Protein most similar to RIC3(family subgroup III). RIC1 is localized to the apical region of the plasma membrane in pollen tube and mutation analyses indicate that this localization is dependent on ROP1 binding. Gene is expressed in all tissues examined.Analysis of overexpression and loss of function mutants indicates a role in cortical microtubule organization during pavement cell morphogenesis.
Encodes DCP1 involved in mRNA decapping. DCP1 forms a mRNA decapping complex with DCP2 (At5g13570) and VCS (VARICOSE) (At3g13300). However, unlike DCP2, DCP1 itself does not have mRNA decapping activity in vitro. DCP1, DCP2 and VCS colocalize in cytoplasmic loci, which are putative Arabidopsis mRNA processing bodies. Null mutants of DCP1, DCP2, and VCS accumulate capped mRNAs with a reduced degradation rate. These mutants also share a similar lethal phenotype at the seedling cotyledon stage, with disorganized veins, swollen root hairs, and altered epidermal cell morphology. The protein was shown by immunoprecipitation not to interact with DCP2.
Encodes a ubiquitin-specific protease, and its activity has been confirmed in an in vitro assay. ubp15 mutants have defects in cell proliferation, and the associated processes of leaf, root, stem, flower, and silique development. UBP15 can be found in the nucleus and cytoplasm in transient assays. Though UBP15 is expressed in many tissues, UBP15 transcript levels are higher in rosette leaves and inflorescences than in other parts of the plant. Together with CUC2/CUC3-DA1 part of a regulatory module controls the initiation of axillary meristems, thereby determining plant architecture. As a direct substrate of DA1 peptidase, it represses the initiation of axillary meristems.
mitogen-activated protein kinase 12;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a MAP kinase protein. MPK12 interacts with the IBR5 protein phosphatase in vitro and in vivo, and it can be dephosphorylated and inactivated by IBR5. MPK12 appears to be a negative regulator of auxin signlaing. MPK12 RNAi lines are hypersensitive to auxin in root elongation and transcriptional response assays, but they appear to have normal sensitivity to ABA. MPK12 is a nuclear protein and its kinase activity is increased following auxin treatment. MPK12 transcripts are widely expressed in seedlings, but MPK12 expression is stronger in guard cells than in other cell types in mature plants.
Encodes a DELLA protein, a member of the GRAS superfamily of putative transcription factors. DELLA proteins restrain the cell proliferation and expansion that drives plant growth. Negative regulator of the response to GA in controlling seed germination. GA triggers the degradation of RGL2 protein in a process blocked by both proteasome inhibitors and serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors. The protein undergoes degradation in response to GA via the 26S proteasome. RGL2 may be involved in reducing ROS accumulation in response to stress by up-regulating the transcription of superoxide dismutases. Rapidly degraded in response to GA. Regulates GA-promoted seed germination. Involved in flower and fruit development.
Kip-related protein (KRP) gene, encodes CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor (CKI), negative regulator of cell division. A member of seven KRP genes found in Arabidopsis thaliana. Differential expression patterns for distinct KRPs were revealed by in situ hybridization. Gene was isolated from a yeast two hybrid screen as an interacting protein of CDC2A. Recombinant protein has a strong kinase inhibitor activity in vitro. Transcript is expressed in all tissues examined but is differentially distributed from ICK1. Controls the onset of the endoreduplication cycle through inhibition of CDKA;1. The KRP2 protein abundance is regulated by proteolysis through CDKB1;1 phosphorylation.
MYB98 is a member of the R2R3-MYB gene family, the members of which likely encode transcription factors. Within an ovule, MYB98 is expressed exclusively in the synergid cells, and mutations in this gene affect the female gametophyte specifically. myb98 female gametophytes are affected in two unique features of the synergid cell, pollen tube guidance and the filiform apparatus, but are otherwise normal. This suggests that MYB98 controls the development of specific features within the synergid cell during female gametophyte development. MYB98 also is expressed in trichomes and endosperm. Homozygous myb98 mutants exhibit no sporophytic defects, including trichome and endosperm defects.
Encodes a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase HSD1. Two copies of HSD1 (At5g50600 and At5g50700) exist in the Arabidopsis genome as a result of an exact 33-kb duplication on chromosome 5 encompassing seven genes. There are five homologs of HSD1 in Arabidopsis (HSD2-At3g47350, HSD3-At3g47360, HSD4-At5g50590, HSD4-At5g50690 and HSD6-At5g50770; HSD4 has two copies due to the same gene duplication event occurred to HSD1) (Plant Cell Physiology 50:1463). At5g50690 is also named as HSD7 (Plant Physiology 145:87). HSD1 is identified from the proteome of oil bodies from mature seeds. Transcription of HSD1 is specifically and highly induced in oil-accumulating tissues of mature seeds; transcript disappears during germination.
Encodes a protein DOMINO1 that belongs to a plant-specific gene family sharing a common motif present in the tomato DEFECTIVE CHLOROPLASTS AND LEAVES (LeDCL) protein. DOMINO1 is located in the nucleus. Arabidopsis embryos carrying the domino1 mutation grow slowly in comparison with wild type embryos and reach only the globular stage at desiccation. The primary defect of the mutation at the cellular level is the large size of the nucleolus that can be observed soon after fertilization in the nuclei of both the embryo and the endosperm. DOMINO1 might have a role in ribosome biogenesis and in determining the rate of cell division.
Encodes a putative transcription factor that is required for the initiation of both micro- and megagametogenesis and is expressed in the sporogenous tissue of the anther and the ovule. SPL is a chalaza identity gene that share overlapping functions in establishing the prospective chalaza of the ovule. It also plays a central role in patterning both the proximal-distal and the adaxial-abaxial axes in the ovule and generally interacts with YABBY proteins in vitro. Mutant is defective in the differentiation of primary sporogenous cells into microsporocytes, and does not properly form the anther wall. Regulator of anther cell differenctiation. Interacts with TPL and TCP proteins.
GRAS family transcription factor;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Involved in radial organization of the root and shoot axial organs. Essential for normal shoot gravitropism. The protein moves in a highly specific manner from the cells of the stele in which it is synthesized outward. Movement requires sequences within the GRAS and VHIID domains. SHORT-ROOT forms a network in combination with JACKDAW, BLUEJAY AND SCARECROW to regulate tissue patterning through asymmetric cell division. The ground tissue lineage remains in shortroot mutant, while it is progressively lost in the triple mutant bluejay jackdaw scarecrow and double mutant jackdaw scarecrow. In addition, ground tissue basal identity remains in shortroot mutant while it is defective in the quadruple mutant bluejay jackdaw magpie nutcracker.
trichome birefringence-like protein (DUF828);(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a member of the TBL (TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE) gene family containing a plant-specific DUF231 (domain of unknown function) domain. TBL gene family has 46 members, two of which (TBR/AT5G06700 and TBL3/AT5G01360) have been shown to be involved in the synthesis and deposition of secondary wall cellulose, presumably by influencing the esterification state of pectic polymers. A nomenclature for this gene family has been proposed (Volker Bischoff & Wolf Scheible, 2010, personal communication). A tbr mutant is impaired in its ability to deposit secondary wall cellulose in specific cell types, most notably in trichomes. Able to transfer acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA onto the pectins homogalacturonan (HG) or rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I).
UGT72E3 is an UDPG:coniferyl alcohol glucosyltransferase which glucosylates sinapyl- and coniferyl alcohol as well as sinapic acid. The enzyme is thought to be involved in lignin- and phenylpropanoid metabolism. A knockdown mutant line (72E3KD) was obtained using RNAi silencing. No reduction in coniferyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside and sinapyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside was detected in this line compared to wildtype, in contrast with the knockdown line constructed for UGT72E2 displayed a twofold reduction in the these phenylpropanoid 4-O-glucosides. Can influence the kinetics of lignin deposition by regulating monolignol flow to the cell wall as well as the potential of this compartment to incorporate monomers into the growing lignin polymer.
Encodes MINI ZINC FINGER 1 (MIF1) which has a zinc finger domain but lacks other protein motifs normally present in transcription factors. MIF1 physically interact with a group of zinc finger-homeodomain (ZHD) transcription factors, such as ZHD5 (AT1G75240), that regulate floral architecture and leaf development. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that MIF1 blocks the DNA binding activity of ZHD5 homodimers by competitively forming MIF1-ZHD5 heterodimers. Constitutive overexpression of MIF1 caused dramatic developmental defects, seedlings were non-responsive to gibberellin (GA) for cell elongation, hypersensitive to the GA synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) and abscisic acid (ABA), and hyposensitive to auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinin, but normally responsive to ethylene.
J-domain protein required for chloroplast accumulation response 1;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Contains a J-domain at the C-terminus which is similar to the J-domain of auxilin, a clathrin-uncoating factor in cow, yeast and worm. Arabidopsis contains 6 other proteins similar to auxilin. Expressed in leaves and stems, but not in roots. Localized in the cytoplasm. Required for the chloroplast accumulation response, but not for the avoidance response. No molecular function known. Influences the composition of photosynthetic pigments, the efficiency of photosynthesis, and the CO2 uptake rate. Positive effect on water use efficiency (WUE) by reducing stomatal aperture and water vapor conductance; involved in the fine-tuning of H2O2 foliar levels, antioxidant enzymes activities and cell death after UV-C photooxidative stress.
TAIR Short Description:
J-domain protein required for chloroplast accumulation response 1
histidine phosphotransfer protein 6;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
AHP6 lacks the conserved histidine residue (Asn83 in AHP6b), which is required for phosphotransfer, present in the other AHPs. AHP6 does not appear to have phosphotransfer activity. Acts as an inhibitor of cytokinin signaling by interacting with the phosphorelay machinery. Expressed in developing protoxylem and associated pericycle cell files. Negative regulator of cytokinin signaling. Expression is down-regulated by cytokinins. There are two alternatively spliced genes for this locus, AHP6a and AHP6b, differing in the length of the first exon. In ahp6-2 seedlings, only the AHP6a transcript is present. Members of the AHP gene family include: AT3G21510 (AHP1), AT3G29350 (AHP2), AT5G39340 (AHP3), AT3G16360 (AHP4), AT1G03430 (AHP5) and AT1G80100 (AHP6).
Encodes the Arabidopsis DNA ligase 1 that provides the major DNA ligase activity in cells and plays a key role in both DNA replication and excision repair pathways. In addition, it is an important component of the active DNA demethylation machinery and is indispensable for cell viability. AtLIG1 expresses one major and two minor mRNA transcripts differing only in the length of the 5' untranslated leader sequences preceding a common ORF. Translation from the first in-frame start codon produces an AtLIG1 isoform that is targeted exclusively to the mitochondria. Translation initiation from the second in-frame start codon produces an AtLIG1 isoform targeted only to the nucleus.
This gene is predicted to encode a protein involved in negatively regulating salicylic acid-related defense responses and cell death programs. nsl1 mutants develop necrotic lesions spontaneously and show other features of a defense response, such as higher levels of SA and disease resistance-related transcripts, in the absence of a biotic stimulus. The NSL1 protein is predicted to have a MACPF domain, found in proteins that form a transmembrane pore in mammalian immune responses. NSL1 transcript levels do not appear to change in response to biotic stresses, but are elevated by cycloheximide in seedlings, and by sodium chloride in roots. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
C2H2 and C2HC zinc fingers superfamily protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a putative nuclear Cys(2)His(2)-type zinc finger protein involved in H+ and Al3+ rhizotoxicity. In mutants exposed to aluminum stress, there is no induction of AtALMT1, an malate transporter known to be involved in the mediation of aluminum toxicity. Cell wall of the mutant is unstable in low pH medium (pH 4.5) in low Ca solution. This would mediate Ca-alleviation of low pH stress through pectin-Ca interaction. In vitro binding and mutated-promoter-GUS assays identified that STOP1 directly activates AtALMT1 expression through the binding to the promoter by four zinc finger domains. Binding of STOP1 to promoter is an essential step of Al-inducible AtALMT1 expression. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Blue-light photoreceptor. Contains a light activated serine-threonine kinase domain and LOV1 and LOV2 repeats. Mutants are defective in blue-light response. Mediates blue light-induced growth enhancements. PHOT1 and PHOT2 mediate blue light-dependent activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cell protoplasts. PHOT1 undergoes blue-light-dependent autophosphorylation. At least eight phosphorylation sites have been identified in PHOT1. Phosphorylation of serine851 in the activation loop of PHOT1 appears to be required for stomatal opening, chloroplast accumulation, leaf flattening, and phototropism, and phosphorylation of serine849 may also contribute to the regulation of these responses. Phosphorylation-dependent binding of 14-3-3 proteins to the Hinge1 region of PHOT1 appears to require serine350 and serine376.
homolog of Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group B 2;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes XPB2, a DNA repair protein and transcription factor. Arabidopsis thaliana has duplicated XPB gene (AtXPB1 and AtXPB2, with high similarity to each other). XPB proteins are involved in both DNA repair and transcription, they are component of the transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) and are responsible for DNA helicase activity during nucleotide (nt) excision repair (NER). Complementation assays in yeast rad25 mutant strains suggest the involvement of AtXPB2 in DNA repair. Although both genes are expressed in a constitutive manner during the plant life cycle, Northern blot analyses suggest that light modulates the expression level of both XPB copies.XPB2 preferentially expressed in developing organs and during the cell cycle.
TAIR Short Description:
homolog of Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group B 2
Membrane-bound protein serine/threonine kinase that functions as blue light photoreceptor in redundancy with PHO1. Involved in stomatal opening, chloroplast movement and phototropism. Mediates blue light-induced growth enhancements. PHOT1 and PHOT2 mediate blue light-dependent activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cell protoplasts. PHOT2 possesses two LOV (LOV1 and LOV2, for light-oxygen-voltage-sensing) domains involved in FMN-binding and a C-terminus forming a serine/threonine kinase domain. LOV2 acts as an inhibitor of phototropin kinase in the dark, and light cancels the inhibition through cysteine-FMN adduct formation. LOV1 in contrast acts as an attenuator of photoactivation. Localized to the Golgi apparatus under the induction of blue light. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
A member of the eukaryotic type V subfamily (P5) of P-type ATPase cation pumps; MIA is most similar to the human P5 ATPase ATY2(44% identity) and to Spf1p from S. cerevisiae (41% identity). Highly abundant in the endoplasmic reticulum and small vesicles of developing pollen grains and tapetum cells. T-DNA insertional mutants of MIA suffer from imbalances in cation homeostasis and exhibit a severe reduction in fertility. Mutant microspores fail to separate from tetrads and pollen grains are fragile with an abnormal morphology and altered cell wall structure. MIA is also named PDR2 and was shown to be required for proper expression of SCARECROW (SCR), a key regulator of root patterning, and for stem-cell maintenance in Pi-deprived roots.
GRAS family transcription factor family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Member of the VHIID/DELLA regulatory family. Contains homopolymeric serine and threonine residues, a putative nuclear localization signal, leucine heptad repeats, and an LXXLL motif. Putative transcriptional regulator repressing the gibberellin response and integration of phytohormone signalling. DELLAs repress cell proliferation and expansion that drives plant growth. The protein undergoes degradation in response to GA via the 26S proteasome. RGA1 binds to PIF3 and inhibits its DNA binding activity and thus affects the expression of PIF3 regulated genes. RGA may be involved in reducing ROS accumulation in response to stress by up-regulating the transcription of superoxide dismutases. Represses GA-induced vegetative growth and floral initiation. Rapidly degraded in response to GA. Involved in fruit and flower development.
PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN 1 is one of the two Arabidopsis homologs isolated in yeast two-hybrid screen for interaction partners of maize gene TANGLED1 (TAN1). Based on sequence homology in their motor domains, POK1 and POK2 belong to the kinesin-12 class which also includes the well-characterized group of phragmoplast-associated kinesins AtPAKRPs. Both kinesins are composed of an N-terminal motor domain throughout the entire C terminus and putative cargo binding tail domains. The expression domains for POK1 constructs were more limited than those for POK2; both are expressed in tissues enriched for dividing cells. The phenotype of pok1/pok2 double mutants strongly resembles that of maize tan1 mutants, characterized by misoriented mitotic cytoskeletal arrays and misplaced cell walls.
PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN 2 is one of the two Arabidopsis homologs isolated in yeast two-hybrid screen for interaction partners of maize gene TANGLED1 (TAN1). Based on sequence homology in their motor domains, POK1 and POK2 belong to the kinesin-12 class which also includes the well-characterized group of phragmoplast-associated kinesins AtPAKRPs. Both kinesins are composed of an N-terminal motor domain throughout the entire C terminus and putative cargo binding tail domains. The expression domains for POK2 constructs were broader than those for POK1; both are expressed in tissues enriched for dividing cells. The phenotype of pok1/pok2 double mutants strongly resembles that of maize tan1 mutants, characterized by misoriented mitotic cytoskeletal arrays and misplaced cell walls.
Zinc finger (C3HC4-type RING finger) family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a 645-amino acid methylcytosine-binding protein with a PHD domain, two RING finger domains, and an SRA domain that is involved in centromere heterochromatinization. This protein functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in vitro. The protein has been shown to bind to methylated cytosines of CG, CNG and CNN motifs via its SRA domain but has a preference for the former. It plays a role in the establishment/maintenance of chromatin structure during cell division and is localized in the nucleus. Plants over-expressing VIM1/ORTH2 show an inhibition in root growth and a delay in flowering. Both over-expression of GFP:ORTH2 and loss of ORTH2/VIM1 lead to decreased levels of DNA methylation. GFP:ORTH2 over-expressers also have increased levels of FWA transcripts.
TAIR Short Description:
Zinc finger (C3HC4-type RING finger) family protein
Glycosyl hydrolase family protein with chitinase insertion domain-containing protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
ChiC encodes a Class V chitinase that is a part of glycoside hydrolase family 18 based on CAZy groupings. It appears to primarily act as an exochitinase in vitro where it predominantly cleaves a chitobiose (GlcNAc)2 residue from the non-reducing end of a chitin oligosaccharide. However, it shows some minor endochitinase activity in vitro, as well. A putative 24 amino-acid signal peptide may direct this protein to the secretory system and it has been detected in cell wall apoplastic fluid. RT-PCR experiments demonstrate that ChiC transcript levels are increased in response to abscisisc acid, jasmonic acid, and NaCl stress. Microarray results also suggest that transcript levels rise in response to osmotic stress, two fungal pathogens, a bacterial pathogen, and the elicitor flagellin. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
TAIR Short Description:
Glycosyl hydrolase family protein with chitinase insertion domain
calcium-dependent protein kinase 6;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes calcium dependent protein kinase 3 (CPK3), a member of the Arabidopsis CDPK gene family. CDPKs contain an intrinsic Ca2+-activation domain with four EF hand Ca2+-binding sites. CDPKs protein kinases have been proposed to function in multiple plant signal transduction pathways downstream of [Ca2+]cyt elevations, thus transducing various physiological responses. CPK3 is expressed in both guard cells and mesophyll cells. Functions in guard cell ion channel regulation. ABA and Ca(2+) activation of slow-type anion channels and, interestingly, ABA activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channels were impaired in independent alleles of single and double cpk3cpk6 mutant guard cells. Furthermore, ABA- and Ca(2+)-induced stomatal closing were partially impaired in these cpk3cpk6 mutant alleles. CPK6 is also a member of the Arabidopsis CDPK family.
Auxin efflux carrier family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a novel component of auxin efflux that is located apically in the basal cell and is involved during embryogenesis in setting up the apical-basal axis in the embryo. It is also involved in pattern specification during root development. In roots, it is expressed at lateral and basal membranes of provascular cells in the meristem and elongation zone, whereas in the columella cells it coincides with the PIN3 domain. Plasma membrane-localized PIN proteins mediate a saturable efflux of auxin. PINs mediate auxin efflux from mammalian and yeast cells without needing additional plant-specific factors. The action of PINs in auxin efflux is distinct from PGPs, rate-limiting, specific to auxins and sensitive to auxin transport inhibitors. PINs are directly involved of in catalyzing cellular auxin efflux.
Encodes a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase shown to act as a NADP+-dependent 11β-,17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/17β-ketosteroid reductase called HSD1. Two copies of HSD1 (At5g50600 and At5g50700) exist in the Arabidopsis genome as a result of an exact 33-kb duplication on chromosome 5 encompassing seven genes. There are five homologs of HSD1 in Arabidopsis (HSD2-At3g47350, HSD3-At3g47360, HSD4-At5g50590, HSD4-At5g50690 and HSD6-At5g50770; HSD4 has two copies due to the same gene duplication event occurred to HSD1) (Plant Cell Physiology 50:1463). At5g50690 is also named as HSD7 (Plant Physiology 145:87). HSD1 is identified from the proteome of oil bodies from mature seeds. Transcription of HSD1 is specifically and highly induced in oil-accumulating tissues of mature seeds; transcript disappears during germination. To date, the endogenous substrates of this enzyme are not known.
Encodes a membrane localized protein with similarity to receptor kinases which is involved in epidermal cell differentiation. Flowers of mutants have disorganized ovule integument growth and abnormal sepal margins. In the roots, mutants initiate more lateral roots but fewer laterals actually emerge due to defects in lateral root formation. Mutants also display disorganized columella. The root phenotypes can be traced to abnormalities in asymmetric divisions in the pericycle and root apex. Conflicting data regarding the role of the kinase domain- which may or may not be required for function. Complementation studies indicate that the C-terminal domain is also not required for signaling function. May be regulated by protein turnover which is mediated by endocytic processes. ACR4 phosphorylates the PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A-3 (PP2A-3) catalytic subunit of the PP2A phosphatase holoenzyme and PP2A
Encodes a histone deacetylase that enhances AtERF7-mediated transcriptional repression. Binds SIM3 and ERF7. Expressed in the nucleus in most tissues examined and throughout the life of the plant. Involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene dependent pathogen resistance. The sequence in GenBank has 17 AG dinucleotide repeats missing, which is also missing in Ler shotgun sequence from Cereon. Although it is annotated to be in Columbia, the GB sequence is probably not of Columbia origin. Plays a role in embryogenesis as mutants grown at higher temperatures display abnormalities in the organization of the root and shoot. Plant lines expressing an RNAi construct targeted against HDA19 shows some resistance to agrobacterium-mediated root transformation. HDA19 acts in a WOX5 mediated pathway to maintain columella stem cell fate by repressing CDF4. Class I RPD3-like family HDAC member which controls positive responses to salinity stress.
Encodes an Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR) protein that acts in concert with other type-B ARRs in the cytokinin signaling pathway. Also involved in cytokinin-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cytokinin-dependent greening and shooting in tissue culture. ARR1, ARR10, and ARR12 are redundant regulators of drought response, with ARR1 being the most critical.The retention of leaf water content, maintenance of cell membrane stability, and enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthesis were found to contribute to the enhanced drought tolerance of the arr1,10,12 triple mutant. ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12 redundantly bind to the promoter of WUSCHEL (WUS), directly activate its transcription. In parallel, ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12 repress the expression of YUCCAs (YUCs), which encode a key enzyme for auxin biosynthesis, indirectly promoting WUS induction. The regulation of ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12 on WUS and YUCs is required for regeneration and maintenance of shoot meristem.
A UDP-glucose transferase localized in the phragmoplast. It has been co-purified with the callose synthase complex and may transfer UDP-glucose from sucrose synthase to the callose synthase and thus help form a substrate channel for the synthesis of callose at the forming cell plate. Induced by salicylic acid. Independent of NPR1 for their induction by salicylic acid. UGT1 encodes a protein with glucosyltransferase activity with high sequence homology to UGT2 (AT1G05530). It belongs to an UGT subfamily that binds UDP-glucose but not UDP-glucuronate, UDP-galactose, or UDP-rhamnose as the glycosyl donor. UGT1 was shown to be able to use abscisic acid as glycosylation substrate in the presence of UDP-glucose. UGT1/UGT75B1 catalyzes the formation of the p-aminobenzoate-glucose ester in vitro and in vivo. It appears to be the enzyme predominantly responsible for pABA-Glc formation in Arabidopsis based on assays in leaves, flowers, and siliques.
Encodes a protein with similarity to the bacterial YqeH GTPase required for proper ribosome assembly. Mutant analyses show that this protein regulates growth and hormonal signaling and attenuates oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also seems to be involved in regulating leaf senescence, cell death, nitric oxide biosynthesis in response to ABA but not exogenous H2O2. This protein also appears to be required for proper plastid biogenesis. Levels of several plastid-localized proteins, including RBCL, ClpP1, and the MEP biosynthesis enzymes DXS and DXR are altered in rif1-1 mutants. This protein was originally characterized as a mitrochondrial-localized nitric oxide synthase, but, the synthase activity was later disproven. In addition, new studies with GFP fusion proteins and chloroplast import assays suggest that this protein is found in chloroplasts. Its localization to the chloroplast is enhanced by S-acylation.
TAIR Short Description:
P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases superfamily protein
Encodes a guard cell outward potassium channel. Belongs to the Shaker family K+ channel. This family includes five groups based on phylogenetic analysis (FEBS Letters (2007) 581: 2357): I (inward rectifying channel): AKT1 (AT2G26650), AKT5 (AT4G32500) and SPIK (also known as AKT6, AT2G25600); II (inward rectifying channel): KAT1 (AT5G46240) and KAT2 (AT4G18290); III (weakly inward rectifying channel): AKT2 (AT4G22200); IV (regulatory subunit involved in inwardly rectifying conductance formation): KAT3 (also known as AtKC1, AT4G32650); V (outward rectifying channel): SKOR (AT3G02850) and GORK (AT5G37500). Mutants have increased water consumption and limited stomatal closure in response to abscisic and jasmonic acids. It forms a heteromeric K(out) channels with SKOR. The gene is expressed ubiquitously in root and the vasculature and guard cells of leaves. Expression is suppressed during agrobacterium-induced tumor formation and increased in response to water deprivation and cold.
Encodes AKT2, a photosynthate- and light-dependent inward rectifying potassium channel with unique gating properties that are regulated by phosphorylation. Expressed in guard cell protoplasts and in the phloem and xylem of aerial portions of the plant. The channel can coassemble with another K+ channel, KAT1, in vitro. In guard cells, AKT2/3 is responsible for the Ca2+ sensitivity of the K+ uptake channel. In the phloem, it regulates the sucrose/H+ symporters via the phloem potential. AKT2 belongs to the Shaker family K+ channels which include the following groups based on phylogenetic analysis (FEBS Letters (2007) 581: 2357): I (inward rectifying channel): AKT1 (AT2G26650), AKT5 (AT4G32500) and SPIK (also known as AKT6, AT2G25600); II (inward rectifying channel): KAT1 (AT5G46240) and KAT2 (AT4G18290); III (weakly inward rectifying channel): AKT2 (AT4G22200); IV (regulatory subunit involved in inwardly rectifying conductance formation): KAT3 (also known as AtKC1, AT4G32650); V (outward rectifying channel): SKOR (AT3G02850) and GORK (AT5G37500).
Belongs to five-member BRX gene family. Arabidopsis BRX genes share high levels of similarity among each others, with several conserved domains. The most distinct is BRX domain - highly conserved in all BRX genes among distantly related species. This protein-protein interaction domain is required and sufficient for BRX activity. BRX encodes a key regulator of cell proliferation and elongation in the root, which has been implicated in the brassinosteroid (BR) pathway as well as regulation of auxin-responsive gene expression. Also involved in cytokinin-mediated inhibition of lateral root initiation. A loss-of-function allele, named brx-2 in Rodrigues et al. (2009) Plant Physiol. but changed to brx-3 to resolve nomenclature conflict (Li et al. Planta 2009:229(3):593-603), shows enhanced response to ABA-mediated inhibition of root growth. Plasma-membrane-associated element of a molecular rheostat that modulates auxin flux through developing protophloem sieve elements (PPSEs) while interacting with PAX, thereby timing PPSE differentiation. Dampens PIN-mediated auxin efflux.
TAIR Short Description:
DZC (Disease resistance/zinc finger/chromosome condensation-like region) domain containing protein
Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Homologous to receptor protein kinases. Involved in specification of organs originating from the shoot apical meristem. Contains a cytoplasmic protein kinase catalytic domain, a transmembrane region, and an extracellular leucine-rich repeat. ER has been identified as a quantitative trait locus for transpiration efficiency by influencing epidermal and mesophyll development, stomatal density and porosity of leaves. It has been implicated in resistance to the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Together with ERL1 and ERL2, ER governs the initial decision of protodermal cells to either divide proliferatively to produce pavement cells or divide asymmetrically to generate stomatal complexes. ER binds to the peptides STOMAGEN and EPF2 which compete for the same binding site. The ER-EFP2 complex activates MAPK signaling that inhibits stomatal development. ER-STOMAGEN does not activate MAPK signaling. Plants harboring loss of function alleles of er are more susceptible to heat stress than wild type. In Arabidopsis and other organisms, overexpression of ER confers thermotolerance via as yet undefined mechanisms. Functions with HYL1 to negatively regulate megaspore mother cell fate in ovule nucellus.
TAIR Short Description:
Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein
At3g60190 encodes Arabidopsis dynamin-related protein 1E, DRP1E, also known as EDR3, ADL4 and ADL1E, which is 624 amino acid residues long, has a predicted mass of 69.8 kDa and a pI of 7.5. Dynamin-related protein 1E belongs to a plant-specific subclass of dynamin-related proteins (DRP1), consisting of five members in Arabidopsis (A, B, C, D, E). This class is characterized by having an N-terminal GTPase domain, a central �dynamin 2� domain and a C-terminal GTPase effector domain (GED), a typical structure for plant dynamin-related proteins. However, this class lacks a PH domain and a proline-rich domain, which are found in classical animal dynamin-like proteins. Based on work on animal dynamins, the plant DRP1 proteins should be able to form polymeric structures that wrap around membranes to facilitate membrane tubulation and pinching off of vesicles, processes that are essential to vesicle trafficking and membrane compartmentalization. The edr3 mutation causes a P77L substitution in the G2 motif of the GTPase domain of DRP1E. edr3 mutant Arabidopsis plants display enhanced cell death in response to powdery mildew infection.
Calcium-dependent protein kinase family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes calcium dependent protein kinase 6 (CPK6), a member of the Arabidopsis CDPK gene family. CDPKs contain an intrinsic Ca2+-activation domain with four EF hand Ca2+-binding sites. CDPKs protein kinases have been proposed to function in multiple plant signal transduction pathways downstream of [Ca2+]cyt elevations, thus transducing various physiological responses. CPK6 is expressed in both guard cells and mesophyll cells. Functions in guard cell ion channel regulation. ABA and Ca(2+) activation of slow-type anion channels and, interestingly, ABA activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channels were impaired in independent alleles of single and double cpk3cpk6 mutant guard cells. Furthermore, ABA- and Ca(2+)-induced stomatal closing were partially impaired in these cpk3cpk6 mutant alleles. The protein kinase CPK6 is shown in biochemical assays to be directly activated by elevations in calcium concentrations in the physiological range (Laanements et al., 2013 PlantPhys.; PMID: 23766366). These data correlate with the in vivo function of CPK6 in Ca2+ and ABA activation of S-type anion channels (Mori et al., 2006 PLoS Biol.; PMID: 17032064) and the ability of CPK6 to mediate ABA activation of SLAC1 (Brandt et al., 2012 PNAS; PMID: 22689970). The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
One of the three CLAVATA genes controlling the size of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in Arabidopsis. Belongs to a large gene family called CLE for CLAVATA3/ESR-related. Encodes a stem cell-specific protein CLV3 presumed to be a precursor of a secreted peptide hormone. The deduced ORF encodes a 96-amino acid protein with an 18-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide. The functional form of CLV3 (MCLV3) was first reported to be a posttranscriptionally modified 12-amino acid peptide, in which two of the three prolines were modified to hydroxyproline (Ito et al., Science 2006, 313:842; Kondo et al., Science 2006, 313:845). Ohyama et al. (2009) later reported that the active mature CLV3 is a 13-amino-acid arabinosylated glycopeptide (Nature Chemical Biology, 5:578). CLV3 binds the ectodomain of the CLAVATA1 (CLV1) receptor-kinase. Regulates shoot and floral meristem development. Required for CLAVATA1 receptor-like kinase assembly into a signaling complex that includes KAPP and a Rho-related protein. It restricts its own domain of expression, the central zone (CZ) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), by preventing differentiation of peripheral zone cells, which surround the CZ, into CZ cells and restricts overall SAM size by a separate, long-range effect on cell division rate. CLE domain of CLV3 is sufficient for function. Results obtained from whole seedlings challenge the concept that the immune receptor FLS2 perceives the meristematic regulatory peptide CLV3p in mesophyll, seedlings, and SAM cells and that CLV3p contributes to SAM immunity against bacterial infection (PMID:22923673).
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