Encodes a protein with similarity to MAP kinases (MAPK9).Expressed preferentially in guard cells and appears to be involved in reactive oxygen species mediated ABA signaling.
Encodes RITF1, a bHLH transcription factor that regulates the transcription of several genes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by salt stress.
TAIR Short Description:
basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding superfamily protein
Trihelix transcription factor induced by osmotic and salt stress. Binds to a conserved AGAG-box sequence in the promoter of genes it regulates. Regulates the expression of stress tolerance genes, resulting in reduced reactive oxygen species, Na+ accumulation, stomatal apertures, lipid peroxidation, cell death and water loss rate, and increased proline content and reactive oxygen species scavenging capability.
Encodes ABO8, a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein responsible for the splicing of NAD4 intron 3 in mitochondrial complex I. Abo8 mutants accumulate more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in root tips than the wild type.
TAIR Short Description:
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR-like) superfamily protein
Lactoylglutathione lyase / glyoxalase I family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Glyoxalase which affects ABA?JA crosstalk. Member of the GLYI family. glyI4 mutant plants show a general stress phenotype characterized by compromised MG scavenging, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), stomatal closure, andreduced fitness was observed.
TAIR Short Description:
Lactoylglutathione lyase / glyoxalase I family protein
Encodes the ortholog of yeast PAM16, part of the mitochondrial inner membrane protein import motor. Single mutant plants exhibit a smaller size and enhanced resistance against virulent pathogens. They also display elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation.
Aldolase-type TIM barrel family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a glycolate oxidase that modulates reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction during nonhost resistance. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Aldolase-type TIM barrel family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a glycolate oxidase that modulates reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction during nonhost resistance. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Disease resistance protein (CC-NBS-LRR class) family;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a NBS-LRR disease resistance protein that possesses N-terminal kinase subdomains. Activation tagged mutant of ADR1 showed elevated levels of SA and reactive oxygen species in addition to number of defense gene transcripts. Exhibits resistance to number of microbial pathogens.
TAIR Short Description:
Disease resistance protein (CC-NBS-LRR class) family
Precursor of serine-rich endogenous peptide which regulates defense response and root elongation. Has properties of phytocytokines, activates the phospholipid signaling pathway, regulates reactive oxygen species response, and is perceived in a BAK1 co-receptor-dependent manner. SCOOP (SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE) family member, involved in immunity against herbivorous insects.
ABC transporter family protein. Localizes to the growing tip of pollen tubes where it appears to be critical for localizing polyamines and reactive oxygen species.
cell growth defect factor-like protein (DUF3353);(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a protein that enables protochlorophillide's binding to pPORA's transit sequence, regulating pPORA's translocation into the plastid stroma, and blocking movement of the translocating polypeptide chain back into the cytosol. Causes Bax mediated lethality in yeast by generating reactive oxygen species and this effect is suppressed by AtBI-1.
Mutant leaves have a reduced capacity for cold acclimation, appear water-soaked, leak electrolytes, and accumulate reactive oxygen species constitutively. Encode a protein with high similarity to the 18-kD Fe-S subunit of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, EC 1.6.5.3) in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Encodes a protein with biochemical, structural, and biophysical characteristics of a NEET protein. It plays a key role in plant development, senescence, reactive oxygen homeostasis, and Fe metabolism.
ethylene responsive element binding factor 6;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a member of the ERF (ethylene response factor) subfamily B-3 of ERF/AP2 transcription factor family (ATERF-6). The protein contains one AP2 domain. There are 18 members in this subfamily including ATERF-1, ATERF-2, AND ATERF-5. It is involved in the response to reactive oxygen species and light stress. Involved in regulating root architecture and the response to cold stress.
Encodes mitochondrial Delta-pyrroline-5- carboxylate dehydrogenase. Involved in the catabolism of proline to glutamate. Involved in protection from proline toxicity. Induced at pathogen infection sites. P5CDH and SRO5 (an overlapping gene in the sense orientation) generate 24-nt and 21-nt siRNAs, which together are components of a regulatory loop controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and stress response.
Encodes AOX1a, an isoform of alternative oxidase that is expressed in rosettes, flowers, and root. The alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria transfers electrons from the ubiquinone pool to oxygen without energy conservations. It is regulated through transcriptional control and by pyruvate. Plays a role in shoot acclimation to low temperature. Also is capable of ameliorating reactive oxygen species production when the cytochrome pathway is inhibited. AOX1a also functions as a marker for mitochondrial retrograde response. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Encodes UPBEAT1 (UPB1), a transcription factor with a bHLH domain. Regulates the expression of a set of peroxidases that modulate the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) between the zones of cell proliferation and the zone of cell elongation where differentiation begins. Disruption of UPB1 activity alters this ROS balance, leading to a delay in the onset of differentiation. Regulates growth by mediating cell cycle progression.
TAIR Short Description:
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors;transcription regulators
NADPH/respiratory burst oxidase protein D;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
RHD2 (along with RHD3 and RHD4) is required for normal root hair elongation. Has NADPH oxidase activity. Gene is expressed in the elongation and differention zone in trichoblasts and elongating root hairs. RDH2 is localized to the growing tips of root hair cells. It is required for the production of reactive oxygen species in response to extracellular ATP stimulus. The increase in ROS production stimulates Ca2+ influx.
Protein kinase superfamily protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes calcium-independent ABA-activated protein kinase, a member of SNF1-related protein kinases (SnRK2) whose activity is activated by ionic (salt) and non-ionic (mannitol) osmotic stress. Mutations disrupted ABA induction of stomatal closure as well as ABA inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. However, regulation of stomatal opening/closing by light or CO(2) is not affected in these mutants. May act in the interval between ABA perception and reactive oxygen species production in the ABA signalling network.
Encodes a chloroplastic lipocalin AtCHL. Located in thylakoid lumen. Involved in the protection of thylakoidal membrane lipids against reactive oxygen species, especially singlet oxygen, produced upon excess light. LCNP is required for sustained photoprotective energy dissipation or NPQ (qH) to occur (PMID:29233855).
Encodes a protein with an ankyrin motif and transmembrane domains that is involved in salt tolerance. Expressed throughout the plant and localized to the plasma membrane. Loss of function mutations show an increased tolerance to salt based on assaying seedling growth in the presence of salt. In the mutants, induction of genes required for production of reactive oxygen species is reduced suggesting that itn1 promotes ROS production. It interacts with RCN1 in vivo and may regulate its subcellular localization. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Encodes a protein with similarity to RCD1 but without the WWE domain. The protein does have a PARP signature upstream of the C-terminal protein interaction domain. The PARP signature may bind NAD+ and attach the ADP-ribose-moiety from NAD+ to the target molecule. Its presence suggests a role for the protein in ADP ribosylation. Up-regulated by NaCl. SRO5 and P5CDH (an overlapping gene in the antisense orientation) generate 24-nt and 21-nt siRNAs, which together are components of a regulatory loop controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and stress response.
Encodes a class 1 nonsymbiotic hemoglobin induced by low oxygen levels with very high oxygen affinity. It is not likely to be a hemoglobin transporter because of its extremely high affinity for oxygen. Overexpression impairs cold stress-induced nitric oxide (NO) production.
Encodes a [FeFe]-hydrogenase-like protein named Gollum (for Growth in different Oxygen LeveLs inflUences Morphogenesis). Heterologous expression of Gollum in E. coli indicates that it probably contains two [Fe-S] clusters with different magnetic properties. Sequence alignment analysis indicates that these two clusters would be topologically equivalent to the mesial and proximal [Fe-S] centers of [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Knockdown mutants (RNAi) show a dwarf phenotype at the normal atmospheric partial oxygen pressure of 21 kPa. This dwarf phenotype could be rescued by growing the plant under low oxygen pressure (5kPa), suggesting a role for this gene in oxygen sensing.
Encodes a defensin-like (DEFL) family protein. Pollen tube emergence accelerator that favors conspecific pollen over pollen from other species and thus promotes reproductive isolation.
Encodes a defensin-like (DEFL) family protein. Pollen tube emergence accelerator that favors conspecific pollen over pollen from other species and thus promotes reproductive isolation.
Encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that mediates the 2'-O-ribose methylation of selected tRNA species in the anticodon loop. Mutation of this gene compromises plant immunity against bacteria.
TAIR Short Description:
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein
Stigma-specific Stig1 family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes GRIM REAPER (GRI), involved in the regulation of cell death induced by extracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species). Secreted into the extracellular space.
Encodes HEI10, a RING finger-containing protein. HEI10 belongs to a group of proteins well conserved among species known as ZMM. Required for class I crossover formation. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
endoribonuclease L-PSP family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a plastidial RidA (Reactive Intermediate Deaminase A) homolog that hydrolyzes the enamines/imines formed by Thr dehydratase from Ser or Thr. RidA accelerates the deamination of reactive enamine/imine intermediates produced by threonine dehydratase (At3g10050) with threonine or serine as substrates. In the absence of RidA, the serine-derived imine inactivates BCAT3 (At3g49680). RidA thus pre-empts damage to BCAT3 by hydrolyzing the reactive imine before it does damage.
Encodes a protein with similarity to the bacterial YqeH GTPase required for proper ribosome assembly. Mutant analyses show that this protein regulates growth and hormonal signaling and attenuates oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also seems to be involved in regulating leaf senescence, cell death, nitric oxide biosynthesis in response to ABA but not exogenous H2O2. This protein also appears to be required for proper plastid biogenesis. Levels of several plastid-localized proteins, including RBCL, ClpP1, and the MEP biosynthesis enzymes DXS and DXR are altered in rif1-1 mutants. This protein was originally characterized as a mitrochondrial-localized nitric oxide synthase, but, the synthase activity was later disproven. In addition, new studies with GFP fusion proteins and chloroplast import assays suggest that this protein is found in chloroplasts. Its localization to the chloroplast is enhanced by S-acylation.
TAIR Short Description:
P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases superfamily protein
Encodes a member of the annexin gene family, a diverse, multigene family of calcium-dependent, membrane-binding proteins. The protein was determined to have peroxidase activity. This activity is thought to be dependent on the presence of post-translational modifications (most likely phosphorylation). The protein was shown to be present as a mixture of monomer and homodimer. The homodimerization seems to be dependent on the presence of Ca2+ or H2O2. The dimerization was prevented by the addition of DTT, β-mercaptoethanol and TCEP. Annat1 mRNA is expressed in flowers, roots,leaves and stems and is most abundant in stems. mRNA levels are increased in response to oxidative stress. Developmental expression patterns suggest a role in Golgi-mediated polysaccharide secretion. It is a Ca 2+-permeable transporter providing a molecular link between reactive oxygen species and cytosolic Ca 2+ in plants. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Encodes a membrane localized S-domain receptor kinase that is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensing. SD1-29 detected LPS of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas species for which it serves as a microbe associated molecular pattern triggering innate immunity. Loses of function mutants are hyper susceptible to P.syringae.
Encodes a 23 kD extrinsic protein that is part of photosystem II and participates in the regulation of oxygen evolution. Phosphorylation of this protein is dependent on calcium. In plsp1-1 mutant plastids, the nonmature form of the protein localizes in the stroma. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
Encodes a novel coiled-coil, TPR domain containing protein that is localized to the chloroplast membrane and is involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Mutants accumulate protochlorophyllide, an intermediate in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, in dark and release singlet oxygen in plastids in a controlled and non-invasive manner upon a dark/light shift.
TAIR Short Description:
Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein
Plant neutral invertase family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes an alkaline/neutral invertase which localizes in mitochondria. It may be modulating hormone balance in relation to the radicle emergence. Mutants display severely reduced shoot growth and reduced oxygen consumption. Mutant root development is not affected as reported for A/N-InvA mutant (inva) plants. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
photosystem II reaction center protein H;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a 8 kD phosphoprotein that is a component of the photosystem II oxygen evolving core. Its exact molecular function has not been determined but it may play a role in mediating electron transfer between the secondary quinone acceptors, QA and QB, associated with the acceptor side of PSII.
snRNA activating complex family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a protein similar to human SNAP50. Mutants display different temperature sensitivities in the dedifferentiation of cells from different organs. Mutation inhibits the dedifferentiation-associated accumulation of U-snRNAs and some other small RNA species encoded by independent-type genes carrying the USE and TATA box. Required for the elevation of cell proliferation competence in hypocotyl dedifferentiation.
Encodes a member of the ERF (ethylene response factor) subfamily B-2 of ERF/AP2 transcription factor family (RAP2.12). The protein contains one AP2 domain. There are 5 members in this subfamily including RAP2.2 AND RAP2.12. Involved in oxygen sensing. It plays a key role in controlling root bending in response to hypoxia.
plastidic type i signal peptidase 1;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a signal peptidase Plsp1 (plastidic type I signal peptidase 1). Required for thylakoid development. Functions in the maturation of the 75-kD component of the translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts and oxygen evolving complex subunit 33 (OE33). Involved in the maturation of PsbO, plastocyanin and FtsH2/8. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
aquaporin NIP2.1; encodes a member of the "Nodulin 26-like Intrinsic Protein" (NIP) subgroup of the aquaporin superfamily of membrane channel proteins. Expression is limited to the "anoxia core" region of the root stele under normal growth conditions, but shows substantial induction (up to 1,000-fold by 2-4?h of hypoxia) by low oxygen stress, and accumulation in all root tissues.
Encodes an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase that can act on a wide variety of substrates in vitro including saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, steroids, and sugars. GFP-tagged AKR4C9 localizes to the chloroplast where it may play a role in detoxifying reactive carbonyl compounds that threaten to impair the photosynthetic process. Transcript levels for this gene are up-regulated in response to cold, salt, and drought stress.
GroES-like zinc-binding dehydrogenase family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (also known as class III type alcohol dehydrogenase) reduces S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the condensation product of glutathione and NO, that is a naturally occurring NO reservoir and also a reactive nitrogen intermediate. Gene expression is reduced by wounding and induced by salicylic acid. Is required for the acclimation of plants to high temperature and for fertility.
TAIR Short Description:
GroES-like zinc-binding dehydrogenase family protein
Uncharacterized protein family (UPF0016);(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes an integral thylakoid membrane protein that is required for normal operation of oxygen-evolving complex (as evidenced by oxygen evolution rates) and for manganese incorporation. PAM71 belongs to a small gene family in Arabidopsis comprising five members. PAM71 is well conserved in the green lineage and shares homology with putative Ca2+/H+ exchangers from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (GDT1) and human (Homo sapiens) (TMEM165).
NAC domain containing protein 102;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Encodes a member of the NAC family of transcription factors. ANAC102 appears to have a role in mediating response to low oxygen stress (hypoxia) in germinating seedlings. Its expression can be induced by beta-cyclocitral, an oxidized by-product of beta-carotene generated in the chloroplasts, mediates a protective retrograde response that lowers the levels of toxic peroxides and carbonyls, limiting damage to intracellular components.
Oxidoreductase, zinc-binding dehydrogenase family protein;(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
AOR is an alkenal/one oxidoreductase that acts on compounds with unsaturated alpha,beta-carbonyls. The activity of this enzyme with a number of substrates, including acrolein and 3-buten-2-one, was demonstrated in vitro using a truncated form of the protein that lacked approximately 80 of the first amino acids. This protein appears to localize to the chloroplast where it likely helps to maintain the photosynthetic process by detoxifying reactive carbonyls formed during lipid peroxidation.
TAIR Short Description:
Oxidoreductase, zinc-binding dehydrogenase family protein
Encodes a UDP-glucosyltransferase, UGT74E2, that acts on IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and affects auxin homeostasis. The transcript and protein levels of this enzyme are strongly induced by H2O2 and may allow integration of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and auxin signaling. This enzyme can also transfer glycosyl groups to several compounds related to the explosive TNT when this synthetic compound is taken up from the environment.
Encodes ROL5, a repressor of lrx1 mutants that develop aberrant root hairs. ROL5 is a homolog of yeast Ncs6p that affects TOR signaling. The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway is a major regulator of cell growth in eukaryotes, and inhibition of this pathway by rapamycin reduces cell growth. ROL5 might function as a mitochondrial component of the TOR pathway that influences the plant's response to ROS (reactive oxygen species).
CytADR/SDR1 is an aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons in vitro. It can also act on menthone and neomenthol in vitro, but these do not represent likely endogenous activities of this enzyme in planta. GFP-tagged CytADR appears to localize to the cytosol where it likely plays a role in detoxifying reactive carbonyls. sdr1 mutants have altered responses to pathogens. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile.
ChlADR is an aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons in vitro. The N-terminal region of this protein directs GFP to the chloroplast where where ChlADR likely helps to maintain the photosynthetic process by detoxifying reactive carbonyls formed during lipid peroxidation. In addition, this enzyme can also reduce cis-3-hexenal, a major plant volatile compound that contributes to green leaf odor, as well as methylglyoxal in vitro.
ChlADR is an aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons in vitro. The N-terminal region of this protein directs GFP to the chloroplast where where ChlADR likely helps to maintain the photosynthetic process by detoxifying reactive carbonyls formed during lipid peroxidation. In addition, this enzyme can also reduce cis-3-hexenal, a major plant volatile compound that contributes to green leaf odor, as well as methylglyoxal in vitro. Involved in higher growth rates under elevated CO2 conditions.
Pmr5/Cas1p GDSL/SGNH-like acyl-esterase family protein (DUF828);(source:Araport11)
TAIR Curator Summary:
Belongs to a large family of plant-specific genes of unknown function. Involved in resistance to the powdery mildew species Erysiphe cichoracearum and Erysiphe orontii, but not to the unrelated pathogens Pseudomonas syringae or Peronospora parasitica. A member of the TBL (TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE) gene family containing a plant-specific DUF231 (domain of unknown function) domain. TBL gene family has 46 members, two of which (TBR/AT5G06700 and TBL3/AT5G01360) have been shown to be involved in the synthesis and deposition of secondary wall cellulose, presumably by influencing the esterification state of pectic polymers. A nomenclature for this gene family has been proposed (Volker Bischoff & Wolf Scheible, 2010, personal communication).
encodes a delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase that catalyzes the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of proline. Gene is expressed in reproductive organs and tissues under non-stress conditions but in the whole plant under water-limiting condition. Expression is also induced by abscisic acid and salt stress in a light-dependent manner. encodes a delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase that catalyzes the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of proline. Gene is expressed in reproductive organs and tissues under non-stress conditions but in the whole plant under water-limiting condition. Expression is also induced by abscisic acid and salt stress in a light-dependent manner. P5CS1 appears to be involved in salt stress responses related to proline accumulation, including protection from reactive oxidative species. P5CS1 appears to be present in different cells and/or different subcellular locations from P5CS2 in a tissue-dependent manner.