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Search results 1 to 100 out of 210 for cell

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Category: OntologyTerm
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Type Details Score
Ontology Term
- | Differentiation
Description: Protein involved in differentiation, the developmental process of a multicellular organism by which cells become specialized for particular functions. Differentiation requires selective expression of the genome; the fully differentiated state may be preceded by a stage in which the cell is already programmed for differentiation but is not yet expressing the characteristic phenotype determination. Also used for fungal conidiation proteins, and for some bacteria that present specialization of function in cell types, such as Caulobacter crescentus
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Ontology Term
- | Cell projection
Description: Protein found in or associated with a cell protrusion such as pseudopodium, filopodium, lamellipodium, growth cone, flagellum, acrosome or axon, or bacterial comet tail. These membrane- cytoskeleton-coupled processes are involved in many biological functions, such as cell motility, cancer-cell invasion, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, pathogen infection, neurite extension and cytokinesis
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Ontology Term
- | Cytolysis
Description: Protein involved in the rupture of cell membranes and loss of cytoplasm, e.g. exotoxin, cytolysin
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Ontology Term
- | Apoptosis
Description: Protein involved in apoptotic programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by cell morphological changes, including blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation and chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and eventually death. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments, called apoptotic bodies, that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage. In general, apoptosis confers advantages during an organism's life cycle
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Ontology Term
- | Cell cycle
Description: Protein involved in the complex series of events by which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two. The eukaryotic cell cycle can be divided in four phases termed G1 (first gap period), S (synthesis, phase during which the DNA is replicated), G2 (second gap period) and M (mitosis). The prokaryotic cell cycle typically involves a period of growth followed by DNA replication, partition of chromosomes, formation of septum and division into two similar or identical daughter cells
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Ontology Term
- | Cell membrane
Description: Protein found in or associated with the cytoplasmic membrane, a selectively permeable membrane which separates the cytoplasm from its surroundings. Known as the cell inner membrane in prokaryotes with 2 membranes
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Ontology Term
- | Cell division
Description: Protein involved in the separation of one cell into two daughter cells. In eukaryotic cells, cell division includes the nuclear division (mitosis) and the subsequent cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
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Ontology Term
- | Cell junction
Description: Protein found in or associated with a cell junction, a cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix contact within a tissue of a multicellular organism, especially abundant in epithelia. In vertebrates, there are three major types of cell junctions: anchoring junctions (e.g adherens junctions), communicating junctions (e.g. gap junctions) and occluding junctions (e.g. tight junctions)
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Ontology Term
- | Cell shape
Description: Protein involved in the formation and maintenance of the cell shape, the physical dimensions of a cell. In most plants, algae, bacteria and fungi the cell wall is responsible for the shape of the cells
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Ontology Term
- | Cell wall
Description: Protein found in or associated with a complex and rigid layer surrounding the cell. Cell walls are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. The cell wall envelopes the inner or plasma membrane in all bacteria and is surrounded by the outer membrane in bacteria with 2 membranes (Gram-negative). Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan whereas those of archaea do not. Some archaea may contain pseudopeptidoglycan, which is composed of N- acetyltalosaminuronic acid, instead of N-acetyl muramic acid in peptidoglycan. The plant cell wall is made of fibrils of cellulose embedded in a matrix of several other kinds of polymers such as pectin and lignin. Algal cell walls are usually composed of cellulose, glycoproteins, sporopollenin, calcium and various polysaccharides such as manosyl, xylanes, alginic acid. Diatom cell walls (or frustules) contain silica. The cell wall plays a role in cell shape, cell stability and development, and protection against environmental dangers
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Ontology Term
- | Cell adhesion
Description: Protein involved in the adherence of cells to other cells or to a matrix. Cell adhesion is mediated by cell surface proteins
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Ontology Term
- | Necrosis
Description: Protein involved in necrotic programmed cell death. Necrosis is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury due infection, toxins, trauma, etc. Necrosis is characterized by blebbing, mitochondrial fission, loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the intracellular space. This initiates an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue often resulting is a build-up of dead tissue and cell debris at, or near, the site of the cell death
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Ontology Term
- | Host cell projection
Description: Protein found in or associated with a host cell projection, a host cell protrusion such as pseudopodium, filopodium, lamellipodium, growth cone, flagellum, acrosome, axon, pili or bacterial comet tail These membrane-cytoskeleton-coupled processes are involved in many biological functions, such as host cell motility, cancer-cell invasion, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, pathogen infection, neurite extension and cytokinesis
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Ontology Term
- | Growth regulation
Description: Protein involved in growth regulation, which usually implies the control of the rate of division rather than that of the size of an individual cell
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Ontology Term
- | Viral penetration into host cytoplasm
Description: Viral protein involved in the entry of the entire virion, some of its contents or at least its genetic material into the host cell cytoplasm. Entry is achieved through pore formation, membrane fusion, pilus retraction, ejection, permeabilization and/or endocytosis mechanisms. Penetration reactions occur mainly in five locations: the cell membrane, early and late endosomes, caveosomes, and the ER. In prokaryotes, membrane fusion, pore formation through a puncturing device, ejection, pilus retraction or permeabilization occur at the plasma membrane, as well as at the outer membrane in prokaryotes with 2 membranes
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Ontology Term
- | Cell wall biogenesis/degradation
Description: Protein which is involved in the formation, organization, maintenance or degradation of the cell wall. The cell wall is an extracellular layer outside the cell membrane which protects the cell against mechanical damage, osmotic strength and which determines the cell shape. It is prominent in most plants, algae, bacteria and fungi
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Ontology Term
- | Target cell membrane
Description: Protein found in or associated with a target cell membrane, the selectively permeable membrane which separates the target cell cytoplasm from its surroundings. This term is used to describe a toxin located to the cell membrane of a target cell
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Ontology Term
- | Cell inner membrane
Description: Protein found in or associated with the prokaryotic cell inner membrane, a selectively permeable membrane which separates the cytoplasm from the periplasm in prokaryotes with 2 membranes
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Ontology Term
- | Cell outer membrane
Description: Protein found in or associated with the prokaryotic cell outer membrane, a selectively permeable membrane which separates the prokaryotic periplasm from its surroundings. Traditionally only Gram- negative bacteria were thought of as having an outer membrane, but recent work has shown some Actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as at least 1 archaea (Ignicoccus hospitalis) have a cell outer membrane
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Ontology Term
- | Host cell junction
Description: Protein found in or associated with a host cell junction, a host cell- host cell or host cell-host extracellular matrix contact within a tissue of a host multicellular organism, especially abundant in host epithelia. In vertebrates, there are three major types of cell junctions: anchoring junctions (e.g. adherens junctions), communicating junctions (e.g. gap junctions) and occluding junctions (e.g. tight junctions)
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Ontology Term
- | Host cell membrane
Description: Protein found in or associated with the host cytoplasmic membrane, a selectively permeable membrane which separates the cytoplasm from its surroundings. Known as the host cell inner membrane in prokaryotes with 2 membranes
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Ontology Term
- | Mast cell degranulation
Description: Protein involved in mast cell degranulation. Mast cell is a large, ovoid cell of hematopoietic lineage, with a centrally located nucleus and numerous large, intensely basophilic granules. The binding of an antigen to its specific immunoglobulin-E antibody on the mast cell surface triggers the release of the MC granules. Mast cells are involved in hypersensitivity reactions
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Ontology Term
- | Postsynaptic cell membrane
Description: Protein characteristic of the postsynaptic membrane. In a chemical synapse, the postsynaptic membrane is the membrane that receives a signal (binds neurotransmitter) from the presynaptic cell and responds via depolarisation or hyperpolarisation. The postsynaptic membrane is separated from the presynaptic membrane by the synaptic cleft
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Ontology Term
- | T cell receptor
Description: The T cell receptor (TCR) is the antigen receptor expressed on CD4- positive and CD8-positive T lymphocytes that recognizes complexes of peptides bound to self-MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Structurally, TCR is composed of a heterodimer of two disulfide-linked transmembrane polypeptide chains designated alpha and beta, each containing one terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like variable domain, one Ig-like constant domain, a hydrophobic transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic region. A less common type of TCR, composed of gamma and delta chains, is found on a small subset of T cells and recognizes different forms of antigens. Each T cell expresses a unique TCR that is generated by randomly assorting genes. This ensures that T cells can respond (at the population level) to almost any infection
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Ontology Term
- | Target cell cytoplasm
Description: Protein found in a target cell cytoplasm, the contents of a target cell within the plasma membrane and which, in eukaryotic cells, surrounds the host nucleus. This term is used to describe a toxin located in the cytoplasm of a target cell
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Ontology Term
- | Growth arrest
Description: Protein involved in growth arrest, a phenomenon occurring when a cell does not proceed through the cell cycle
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Ontology Term
- | Cytokinin biosynthesis
Description: Protein involved in the synthesis of cytokinins, a class of plant hormones which promote cell division (e.g. kinetin, zeatin, benzyl adenine). They are also involved in cell growth, cell differentiation and in other physiological processes
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Ontology Term
- | Degradation of host cell envelope components during virus entry
Description: Virion protein involved in breaking down host cell surface components to reach the host cytoplasmic membrane. Many prokaryotic viruses for example carry enzymatic activities to degrade the host cell lipopolysaccharide layer, cell wall, or capsule
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Ontology Term
- | Target membrane
Description: Protein which is membrane-bound or membrane-associated with the target membrane, a lipid bilayer which surrounds target cell enclosed spaces and compartments. This selectively permeable structure is essential for effective separation of a target cell or targeet cell organelle from its surroundings. This term is used to describe a toxin located to a membrane of a target cell
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Ontology Term
- | Bacterial flagellum
Description: Bacterial protein present in a flagellum, a long hair-like cell surface appendage. The flagellar apparatus consists of the flagellar filament made of polymerized flagellin, the hook-like structure near the cell surface and a system of rings embedded in the cell enveloppe (the basal body or flagellar motor). The basal body and the hook anchor the whip-like filament to the cell surface. The flagellum is a rotating structure with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium
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Ontology Term
- | Fimbrium biogenesis
Description: Protein which is involved in the formation, organization or maintenance of the fimbrium, a long hair-like cell surface appendage The flagellar apparatus consists of the flagellar filament made of polymerized flagellin, the hook-like structure near the cell surface and a system of rings embedded in the cell enveloppe (the basal body or flagellar motor). The basal body and the hook anchor the whip-like filament to the cell surface. The flagellum is a rotating structure whose switches propels the cell through a liquid medium
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Ontology Term
- | Viral attachment to host cell
Description: Viral surface protein implicated in the binding to specific host surface molecule(s). This binding can lead to virion entry into the host cell, it can trigger signaling pathways, or it can allow the virion to be carried by the host cell to a specific organ
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Ontology Term
- | Sodium/potassium transport
Description: Protein involved in the active transport system which simultaneously moves two potassium ions into the cell and three sodium ions out of the cell
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Ontology Term
- | Bacterial flagellum biogenesis
Description: Protein which is involved in the formation, organization or maintenance of the bacterial flagellum, a long hair-like cell surface appendage. The flagellar apparatus consists of the flagellar filament made of polymerized flagellin, the hook-like structure near the cell surface and a system of rings embedded in the cell enveloppe (the basal body or flagellar motor). The basal body and the hook anchor the whip-like filament to the cell surface. The flagellum is a rotating structure whose switches propels the cell through a liquid medium
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Ontology Term
- | Endosome
Description: Protein found in or associated with endosomes. Endosomes are highly dynamic membrane systems involved in transport within the cell, they receive endocytosed cell membrane molecules and sort them for either degradation or recycling back to the cell surface. They also receive newly synthesised proteins destined for vacuolar/lysosomal compartments. In certain cell types, endosomal multivesicular bodies may fuse with the cell surface in an exocytic manner. These released vesicles are called exosomes
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Ontology Term
- | Host cell receptor for virus entry
Description: Cell surface protein used by a virus as an attachment and entry receptor. In some cases, binding to a cellular receptor is not sufficient for infection: an additional cell surface molecule, or coreceptor, is required for entry. Some viruses are able to use different receptors depending on the target cell type. In prokaryotic viruses, cell receptor for virus entry can also be localized on host outer membrane, pilus or flagellum
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Ontology Term
- | Modulation of host cell cycle by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the modulation of host cell cycle. The cell cycle can be divided into four stages: G1, S, G2 and mitosis, while cells resting are termed quiescent cells (G0). Viruses have evolved strategies to modulate cell cycle progression including stimulation of S phase entry from G1 or G0 or cell cycle arrest at G2/M for example This regulation allows viruses to maximize their own replication
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Ontology Term
- | Transport
Description: Protein involved in the transport of a molecule (metabolite, protein, etc), a ion or an electron across cell membranes, inside the cell or in a tissue fluid
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Ontology Term
- | Secreted
Description: Protein secreted into the cell surroundings
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Ontology Term
- | Elliptocytosis
Description: Protein which, if defective, causes elliptocytosis, a disorder characterized by variable haemolytic anaemia and elliptical red blood cell shape. Caused by deficiency/dysfunction of red blood cell membrane proteins
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Ontology Term
- | Hemagglutinin
Description: Protein which causes agglutination of erythrocytes or other cell types: In viruses, a protein which is responsible for attaching the virus to cell receptors and for initiating infection
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Ontology Term
- | Nucleus
Description: Protein located in the nucleus of a cell
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Ontology Term
- | Cell adhesion impairing toxin
Description: Toxin which interferes with the adherence of cells to other cells or to a matrix. Cell adhesion impairing toxins are mostly found in venom of snakes
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Ontology Term
- | Host cell inner membrane
Description: Protein found in or associated with the prokaryotic host cell inner membrane, a selectively permeable membrane which separates the host cytoplasm from the host periplasm in prokaryotes with 2 membranes
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Ontology Term
- | Host cell outer membrane
Description: Protein found in or associated with the prokaryotic cell outer membrane, a selectively permeable membrane which separates the prokaryotic periplasm from its surroundings in prokaryotes with 2 membranes. Traditionally only Gram-negative bacteria were thought of as having an outer membrane, but recent work has shown some Actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as at least 1 archaea (Ignicoccus hospitalis) have a cell outer membrane
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Ontology Term
- | Cytokinin signaling pathway
Description: Protein involved in the cytokinin signaling pathway (i.e. transport or signal transduction). Cytokinins (i.e. kinetin and zeatin) are defined more by their biological activity (e.g. inducing cell division in tissue culture) rather than by structure. These phytohormones are synthesized in the root apical meristem and transported through the plant in the xylem sap. Cytokinins are involved in several physiological processes such as promoting cell division and chloroplast maturation, regulating cell growth and differentiation, and monitoring nutrient uptake and senescence. Together with auxin, they also regulate the cell cycle and tissue morphogenesis
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Ontology Term
- | Synapse
Description: Protein found in the synapses. Synapses are the communicating cell- cell junctions that allow signals to pass from a nerve cell to a target cell. In a chemical synapse, the signal is carried by a neurotransmitter which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell The target may be a dendrite, cell body, neuronal axon, a specialized region of a muscle or a secretory cell. In an electrical synapse, a direct connection is made between the cytoplasms of two cells via gap junctions
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Ontology Term
- | Tumor suppressor
Description: Protein that suppresses tumorigenesis. Tumor suppressors generally function as negative regulators of cell cycle progression or cell proliferation. They may act to enforce cell cycle arrest in response to specific signals, such as DNA damage, thereby allowing DNA repair to occur prior to DNA replication. Tumor suppressors that act in this way include TP53 and its downstream effector CDKN1A/p21. They may also act to induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to specific developmental signals or under circumstances where DNA repair cannot be completed. Tumor suppressors that act in this way include PTEN and BAX
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Ontology Term
- | Degradation of host capsule during virus entry
Description: Virion protein involved in breaking down host cell capsule to reach the host cell wall, and finally the host cytoplasmic membrane. Many prokaryotic viruses carry for example glycanase, polysaccharide lyase or deacetylase activities to specifically digest host capsule
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Ontology Term
- | Viral genome ejection through host cell envelope
Description: Viral protein that constitutes the ejection system carried by some prokaryotic viruses. These structures are able to penetrate the host cell envelope in order to deliver the viral genome, and possibly also some specific proteins, into the cell cytoplasm
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Ontology Term
- | Bacteriolytic enzyme
Description: Enzyme, e.g. lysozyme or endopeptidase, essential for lysis of bacterial cell walls
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Ontology Term
- | G0/G1 host cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the modulation of host cell cycle progression by dysregulating the G0/G1 transition. Some viruses benefit from keeping cells in resting state (G0), while others favor entry through G1 and subsequent cell division to replicate more efficiently
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Ontology Term
- | Inhibition of host apoptosis by viral FLIP-like protein
Description: Viral protein sharing sequence similarity with host FLIPs (FLICE- inhibitory proteins). Cellular FLIPs play an essential role in apoptosis functioning as a link between cell survival and cell death pathways . Viral FLIPs inhibit apoptosis by interfering with death receptor signaling
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Ontology Term
- | Fusion of virus membrane with host membrane
Description: Viral protein involved in the merging of the virion membrane with a host membrane during viral penetration into host cell. Viral fusion proteins drive this fusion reaction by undergoing a major conformational change that is triggered by interactions with the target cell. The specific trigger depends on the virus and can be exposure to low pH in the endocytic pathway or interaction of the virion with the host receptor(s). In prokaryotic viruses, host-virus membrane fusion can occur either at the host outer membrane or plasma membrane. Bacteriophages such as cystoviridae fuse their external envelope with the host outer membrane, whereas others like tectiviridae fuse their inner envelope with the host plasma membrane
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Ontology Term
- | Modulation of host dendritic cell activity by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the modulation of host dendritic cell activity. Dendritic cells operate at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune response by their ability to sample their environment for pathogenic products, to process them, and to present viral antigens to T-cells. This results in T cell proliferation and the induction of virus-specific adaptive immune responses. Therefore impairing dendritic cell function by viruses is an effective strategy to disrupt the host immune response
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Ontology Term
- | Host cytoskeleton
Description: Protein which is a component or which is associated with the host cytoskeleton, a dynamic three-dimensional structure that fills the host cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for cell movement, cytokinesis, and the organization of the organelles or organelle-like structures within the host cell
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Ontology Term
- | Inhibition of host caspases by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the evasion of host cell apoptosis by inhibiting host caspases. Many viruses from diverse families have evolved mechanisms to evade or delay cell death by suppressing the activity of cytoplasmic proteases termed caspases which have a central role in apoptosis induction
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Ontology Term
- | Septation
Description: Protein involved in septation, the formation of a separating wall (septum) between daughter cells during cell division
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Ontology Term
- | Inhibition of host mitotic exit by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the inhibition of host cell cycle progression by preventing cells to exit mitosis
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Ontology Term
- | Lantibiotic
Description: Lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics are peptides produced by Gram-positive bacteria which cause cell death of other Gram-positive bacteria
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Ontology Term
- | Fusion of virus membrane with host cell membrane
Description: Viral protein involved in the merging of the virus envelope with host cytoplasmic membrane during viral penetration into host cell. Virus fusion proteins drive this fusion reaction by undergoing a major conformational change that is triggered by interactions with the target cell. This pathway is used by viruses whose fusion protein is usually pH independent such as most paramyxoviruses, herpesviruses and retroviruses. MHV-JHM coronavirus has been shown to fuse directly with the host cytoplasmic membrane. Prokaryotic viruses such as Tectiviridae fuse their inner membrane with the host cytoplasmic membrane whereas Cystoviridae fuse their outer membrane with the host cytoplasmic membrane
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Ontology Term
- | Fusion of virus membrane with host endosomal membrane
Description: Viral protein involved in the merging of the virus envelope with host endosomal membrane during viral penetration into host cell. Viral fusion proteins drive this fusion reaction by undergoing a major conformational change that is triggered by interactions with the target cell. The specific trigger is mainly endosome acidification which induce activation of the fusion protein by conformational change. This pathway is used by enveloped viruses which are endocytosed and whose fusion protein is usually pH-dependent like influenza A virus, rhabdoviruses, bornaviruses, filoviruses, asfarviridae, flaviviridae, alphaviruses, HIV-1, avian leukosis virus, SARS, 229E, and MHV-2 coronaviruses
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Ontology Term
- | Fusion of virus membrane with host outer membrane
Description: Viral protein involved in the merging of the virion external lipidic membrane (envelope) with the prokaryotic host outer membrane during viral penetration into host cell. Bacteriophages such as Cystoviridae for example fuse their membrane with the host outer membrane
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Ontology Term
- | Pore-mediated penetration of viral genome into host cell
Description: Virion-associated pore-forming protein that induces the formation of a transmembrane pore or channel in the host membrane(s) to allow the viral genome to enter the host cytoplasm. This mechanism is used by non-enveloped viruses such as human rhinovirus 2 or poliovirus. Many tailed bacteriophages carry specialized proteins which open a pore or a channel in the host membrane(s) to allow penetration of the virion tail into host envelope and genome delivery into host cytoplasm
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Ontology Term
- | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host
Description: Viral protein involved in virus internalization by the host cell via caveolae, which are specialized lipid rafts that form 50-70 nm flask- shaped invaginations of the cell membrane. Caveolins form the structural backbone of caveolae. Internalization via caveolae is not a constitutive process but only occurs upon cell stimulation.Endocytic caveolae deliver their viral content to early endosomes. Caveolae represent a low capacity but highly regulated pathway. This pathway is used by viruses including HPV-31, BK virus, NDV, RSV, Coxsackie B virus, SV40, murine polyomavirus, and Echovirus 1
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Ontology Term
- | Host endosome
Description: Protein found in or associated with host endosomes, which are highly dynamic membrane systems involved in transport within the host cell, they receive endocytosed host cell membrane molecules and sort them for either degradation or recycling back to the host cell surface They also receive newly synthesised proteins destined for host vacuolar/lysosomal compartments
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Ontology Term
- | Viral contractile tail ejection system
Description: Viral protein that constitutes the contractile ejection system carried by some tailed prokaryotic viruses such as the Myoviridae. This structure is able to penetrate the host cell envelope, to deliver the viral genome, and possibly some specific proteins, into the cell cytoplasm. A contractile ejection system is composed at least of the contractile sheath, the internal noncontractile tube, the baseplate and the terminator complex. Sheath contraction drives the rigid internal tube through the host cell envelope. Proteins of the ejection apparatus can play an active or a structural role in ejection
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Ontology Term
- | Hypersensitive response
Description: Protein involved in hypersensitive response, a complex and early defense response that causes necrosis and cell death to restrict the growth of a pathogen. Local and systemic biochemical changes include generation of active oxygen species (oxidative burst), cell death, overproduction of lignin-related materials, and the induction of certain proteins such as pathogen related (PR) proteins
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Ontology Term
- | Viral release from host cell
Description: Viral protein involved in the release of virions from an infected cell to allow cell-to-cell spread of virus. Once assembled at the replication site, viral particles can be released by budding, exocytosis, extrusion or host cell lysis. Some viruses also mediate direct transport of their viral genome to adjacent cells thanks to movement proteins
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Ontology Term
- | Host synapse
Description: Protein located in the host synapse, the communicating cell-cell junctions that allow signals to pass from a host nerve cell to a host target cell. In a chemical synapse, the signal is carried by a neurotransmitter which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell
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Ontology Term
- | Syncytium formation induced by viral infection
Description: Viral protein that mediates fusion of an infected cell with neighboring cells leading to the formation of multi-nucleate enlarged cells called syncytia. Usually these syncytia are the result of expression of a viral fusion protein at the host cell membrane during viral replication. Viruses such as herpesviruses are known to induce the formation of syncytia
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Ontology Term
- | Host cell lysis by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the lysis of the host cell allowing the release of mature, newly formed virions. Viruses use different way to lyse their host cell. They can express viroporins as Adenoviridae or Picornaviridae do in the late phase of infection. Phycodnaviridae for their part seem to express lytic phospholipids. In dsDNA prokaryotic viruses, lysis-specific proteins are expressed: a holin, which permeabilizes the inner membrane and an endolysin which then gains access to and degrades the host peptidoglycans. Some bacterioviruses express a signal-containing endolysin and thus do not need the holin function
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Ontology Term
- | Virus entry into host cell
Description: Viral protein involved in the virion entry into a host cell. Entry is a multistep process that mostly requires binding to the target cell, penetration into the host cell cytoplasm, intracellular transport of viral components and genome release to the replication site of the virus
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Ontology Term
- | Chlorosome
Description: Photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes found in green bacteria Chlorosomes are sac-like organelles appressed to the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell membrane
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Ontology Term
- | Enterobactin biosynthesis
Description: Protein involved in the synthesis of enterobactin, a compound that transports iron from the bacterial environment into the cell cytoplasm
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Ontology Term
- | Hemolysis
Description: Protein involved in hemolysis, the disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane, thus causing the release of hemoglobin
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Ontology Term
- | Plasmid partition
Description: Protein involved in plasmid partition, the process whereby newly replicated plasmids are distributed properly to daughter cells during cell division
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Ontology Term
- | Exocytosis
Description: Protein involved in exocytosis, a process by which a material is transported out of a cell using a vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane The exocyst protein complex plays an important role in exocytosis by directing exocytic vesicles to their precise sites of fusion in the plasma membrane
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Ontology Term
- | B-cell activation
Description: Protein involved in the activation and proliferation of B-cells. B- cells are activated by the binding of antigen to receptors on its cell surface which causes the cell to divide and proliferate. Some stimulated B-cells become plasma cells, which secrete antibodies Others become long-lived memory B-cells which can be stimulated at a later time to differentiate into plasma cells
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Ontology Term
- | Inhibition of host MHC class I molecule presentation by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the evasion of host adaptive immune response by inhibiting the presentation of loaded MHC class I molecules at the cell surface. Many viruses 'intercept' the loaded MHC class I molecules and retain them in the endoplasmic reticulum or target them to degradation in order to prevent presentation of the peptides at the cell surface
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Ontology Term
- | Sterol biosynthesis
Description: Protein involved in the synthesis of sterols, any steroid alcohol which are components of cell membranes in plants, animals and fungi
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Ontology Term
- | Sterol metabolism
Description: Protein involved in the metabolism of sterols, any steroid alcohol Sterols are components of cell membranes in plants, animals and fungi
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Ontology Term
- | Arabinose catabolism
Description: Protein involved in arabinose breakdown. Arabinose is a 5-carbon aldose sugar found in plant gums, pectins and bacterial cell wall polysaccharides
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Ontology Term
- | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host
Description: Viral protein involved in virus internalization by the host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In response to an internalization signal, clathrin is assembled on the inside face of the cell membrane to form characteristic invaginations or clathrin coated pits that pinch off through the action of DNM1/Dynamin-1 or DNM2/Dynamin-2. The virus bound to its host cell receptor is internalized into clathrin- coated vesicles (CCV). Endocytic CCV deliver their viral content to early endosomes. The endosomal acidic pH and/or receptor binding usually induces structural modifications of the virus surface proteins that lead to penetration of the endosomal membrane via fusion or permeabilization mechanisms
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Ontology Term
- | Erythrocyte maturation
Description: Protein involved in the maturation of erythrocytes, the predominant type of cells present in vertebrate blood and which contain the gas- transporting protein, hemoglobin
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Ontology Term
- | Competence
Description: Protein involved in competence, the state in which a cell or organism is able to take up DNA and become genetically transformed
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Ontology Term
- | Activation of host NF-kappa-B by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the activation of host NF-kappa-B. This protein is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. Several viruses have developed strategies to activate the NF-kappa-B pathway in order to promote viral replication and prevent virus-induced apoptosis
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Ontology Term
- | Inhibition of host NF-kappa-B by virus
Description: Viral protein involved in the inhibition of host NF-kappa-B. This protein is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. Many viruses have developed strategies to inhibit the NF-kappa-B pathway in order to evade host immunity and inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines
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Ontology Term
- | Hypersensitive response elicitation
Description: Proteins involved in hypersensitive response (HR) elicitation. HR is a rapid defense-associated programmed cell death of plant cells at the site of invasion
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Ontology Term
- | Host cytoplasm
Description: Protein found in the host cytoplasm, the content of a host cell within the plasma membrane and, in eukaryotics cells, surrounds the host nucleus
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Ontology Term
- | Capsule
Description: Protein which is part of a capsule, the protective structure surrounding some bacteria or fungi. The bacterial capsule is a layer of material, usually polysaccharide, attached to the cell wall possibly via covalent attachments to either phospholipid or lipid-A molecules. It has several functions: promote bacterial adhesion to surfaces or interaction with other organisms; act as a permeability barrier, as a defense mechanism against phagocytosis and/or as a nutrient reserve. Among pathogens, capsule formation often correlates with pathogenicity. The fungal capsule is an extracellular layer which lies outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of polysaccharides. It protects the cell from different environmental dangers such as phagocytosis, dessication, etc
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Ontology Term
- | Cholesterol biosynthesis
Description: Protein involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, the major sterol of higher animals. It is a component of cell membranes, especially of the plasma membrane
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Ontology Term
- | Neurotransmitter
Description: Protein, released by the axon terminal in response to an electrical impulse, which travels across the synapse to either excite or inhibit the target cell
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Ontology Term
- | Virus endocytosis by host
Description: Viral protein involved in virus internalization by the host cell via endocytosis. Endocytosis can occur via: clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated endocytosis or clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytosis
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Ontology Term
- | Sensory transduction
Description: Protein involved in sensory transduction, the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as light, taste, sound, touch or smell, into electric signals
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Ontology Term
- | Capsule biogenesis/degradation
Description: Protein which is involved in the formation, organization, maintenance or degradation of the capsule. The capsule is a protective structure surrounding some bacteria or fungi. The bacterial capsule is a layer of material, usually polysaccharide, attached to the cell wall possibly via covalent attachments to either phospholipid or lipid-A molecules. The fungal capsule is an extracellular layer which lies outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of polysaccharides
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Ontology Term
- | Chemotaxis
Description: Protein involved in the movement of a cell, or organism, along a concentration gradient of a chemotactic agent, such as a protein which causes, mediates or responds to chemotaxis. Chemotactic molecules such as sugars, peptides, cell metabolites, cell-wall or membrane lipids bind to cell surface receptors and trigger activation of intracellular signaling pathways, as well as remodeling of the cytoskeleton through the activation or inhibition of various actin-binding proteins
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Ontology Term
- | Viral long flexible tail ejection system
Description: Viral protein that constitutes the noncontractile ejection system carried by some long-tailed prokaryotic viruses such as the Siphoviridae. This ejection system is composed at least of a noncontractile tube and a tail tip which is able to penetrate the host cell envelope to deliver the viral genome, and possibly some specific proteins, into the cell cytoplasm. Proteins of the ejection apparatus can play an active or a structural role in ejection
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Ontology Term
- | Endocytosis
Description: Protein involved in endocytosis, a process by which extracellular materials are taken up into a cell by invagination of the plasma membrane to form vesicles enclosing these materials
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Ontology Term
- | Spermatogenesis
Description: Protein involved in sperm cell development. A process whereby primordial germ cells form mature spermatozoa, which includes spermatocytogenesis (successive mitotic and meiotic divisions) and spermiogenesis (a metamorphic change)
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